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【材料一】2011年10月3日,诺贝尔奖委员会宣布,美国科学家布鲁斯·巴特勒、卢森堡科学家朱尔斯·霍夫曼和加拿大科学家拉尔夫·斯坦曼获得2011年诺贝尔医学生理学奖。在长期进化过程中人体具备两种免疫机能:一是“固有免疫”,二是“获得性免疫”。布鲁斯·巴特勒、朱尔斯·霍夫曼的获奖领域在前者;而拉尔夫·斯坦曼的工作主要在后者。
布鲁斯·巴特勒、朱尔斯·霍夫曼发现了由“Toll”基因编码的关键受体蛋白,该受体蛋白能识别病原微生物,并激活“固有免疫”,打开免疫反应的第一步;拉尔夫·斯坦曼发现的树突状细胞在免疫应答中作用,树突状细胞在体内游弋,发现并摄取病原体的特异性抗原,并报告给T淋巴细胞,T细胞将调动其他免疫细胞发生级联反应,最终消灭病原体。
(1)材料中所描述的“固有免疫”就是_____________________免疫,这种免疫对所有的病原体都有防御作用。(1分)
(2)下列有关“Toll”基因的叙述正确的是:_____________(单选)(1分)
A.Toll基因只存在于免疫细胞中
B.Toll基因编码受体蛋白,体现基因对性状的直接控制
C.Toll基因编码的受体蛋白能识别病原微生物,体现了免疫细胞的特异性识别
D.效应T细胞能与靶细胞密切接触就是该受体功能体现
(3)下列有关树突状细胞的叙述正确的是:_____________________(不定项)
A.树突状细胞在免疫中发挥作用,说明神经系统与免疫系统功能密切相关
B.在细胞免疫和体液免疫中树突状细胞所起的作用没有明显差别
C.树突状细胞能够处理和呈递病原体的抗原特异性
D.树突状细胞可触发T细胞发生免疫反应
E.树突状细胞可能是一种吞噬细胞
【材料二】(根据南方周末《乔布斯的错误与诺奖得主的试验》整理)就在瑞典卡罗琳医学院宣布本年度诺贝尔医学奖的前3天,斯坦曼因胰腺癌不幸离世,他没能亲耳听到自己获奖的喜讯,令人惋惜。就在他离世死后的第6天“改变世界”的IT精英乔布斯也因胰腺癌英年早逝。
两人所患的胰腺癌都是死亡率极高的恶性肿瘤。乔布斯患的是“胰腺内分泌型肿瘤”,该病症病情发展缓慢,能存活数年的患者不在少数。但这位著名的素食主义者曾一度拒绝手术治疗,导致肿瘤细胞转移,病情迅速恶化。
而斯坦曼所患的病症为“胰腺外分泌型肿瘤”,该病患者的存活期往往只有数月。斯坦曼在2007年确诊胰腺癌后,就积极尝试基于树突状细胞的治疗性疫苗(DC疫苗)。借助这种“细胞免疫疗法”,他的生命从预期的数月延长至4年。
(4)乔布斯癌变的细胞可能是_____________细胞,该细胞的分泌物与_________________。系统消灭癌细胞的过程是_____________(填一种特异性免疫)发挥作用。
(5)斯坦曼所注射的DC疫苗是由其体内的树突状细胞和肿瘤细胞中提取的一种短肽(即治疗性疫苗),该短肽在免疫中作为_____________引起人体发生免疫反应。除树突状细胞外,斯坦曼体能够特异性识别这种短肽的细胞还有(至少写出3种)______________________________________。
(6)有人认为DC疫苗对防治癌症有一定的疗效,原因是:通过免疫反应斯坦曼体内的免疫系统产生抗体,抗体与该短肽特异性结合,使短肽失效。你认为这个解释对吗,____________,请说出你的理由:_________________________。(共2分)
(7)斯坦曼生前尝试注射过三种DC疫苗,却还是未能逃出死神的魔掌,请从免疫学的角度分析导致他死亡的可能原因是:________________________________________。 查看习题详情和答案>>
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“Can you work outdoors in any weather?” “How would you like a job working with children?” Before this year, US public school students rarely(极少的)had to answer such questions about their possible future careers (职业).
But now, public schools in 24 states are developing new learning plans for each student, according to the US Education Commission (教育部). The learning plans will help students discover their own strengths and weaknesses. (A) They will also give parents and teachers a more complete(完整的)report besides grades.
Linwood Middle School, in North Brunswick, New Jersey, is one of these schools. Students there take an online test (B) called Matchmaker to make learning plans for their future careers. This online test uses some information about students’ (C) learning styles, personal interests, skills and career goals.
(D) “If you don’t know yourself and want to be scientist, you may realize in college you don’t like science,” said Mercedes Arias, a Linwood language arts teacher. “The learning plans can (E)________ ________ better prepare students for college _______ _______ encourage students to work harder.”
Daniella Martins, 14, a Linwood ninth grader, dreams of (F) _________ (be) a singer or an actress. (G)“Nobody likes to take tests,” she said before the career test. But she was pleased with the results, which listed her top career as the arts, followed by education and human services.
“The results show that I have a great possibility to be a singer,” said Martins. “But I know I’ll still have to work hard to (H) make it.”
任务一:根据短文内容,回答下面两个问题。
1. What do students in Linwood Middle School take an online test for? __________
2. According to Daniella’s test result, what is she most likely to become? _________
任务二:将(A)、(D)、(G)处划线句子翻译成汉语。
(A)3. ____________________________________________________
(D)4. ____________________________________________________
(G)5. ____________________________________________________
任务三:写出(C)处划线短语的汉语意思:
(C)6. ______________________
任务四:写出(B)处和(H)处划线单词和短语的同义词:
7. (B)__________ (H)___________
任务五:在 (E) 处句子中的空白处填入合适的单词:
8. ________________________________
任务六:在(F)处用所给单词的适当形式填空:
9. ___________________
任务七:在文中找出能概括主题的句子。
10. _____________________________________________
查看习题详情和答案>>B. badminton
C. tennis ball
B. shoes
C. bag
B. running
C. swimming
B. a dog
C. a rabbit
B. comedies
C. singing
Hi!亲爱的朋友们,你们好!我是定冠词the,用在名词前,我的意思是“这(些)、那(些)”。我们冠词家族人丁稀少,但是作用可不小。我只有两个姐妹a和an。她们通常表示“一个(位、件……)”,用于单数可数名词前。我的性情有些古怪,你想了解我吗?
1 我喜欢演奏乐器,所以我常常出现在乐器前。如:play the piano/guitar(弹钢琴/吉他)等。
2 我经常和世界上独一无二的事物在一起,为此我非常自豪。如:the sun/moon(太阳/月亮)等。
3 我还喜欢帮助一些形容词、分词,与它们一起来表示一类人或事物。如:the old(老人)、the rich(富人) 等。
4 我没事时就喜欢和姓氏的复数形式闲聊人家一家子的情况。如:the Greens(格林一家)等。
5 我还喜欢和序数词一起强调数字的顺序,但当序数词前有形容词性物主代词等修饰限定时,我就会赶快逃走,销声匿迹。如:This is my eleventh birthday.(这是我的第十一个生日。)等。
注意:当我和序数词一起表示日期时,我经常躲起来,但如果在of短语中,我就一定会露面。如:May(the)first=May 1st=the first of May(五月一日)。
1 我不喜欢和科学名词在一起。如:math(数学)、English(英语)等。
2 我对球类运动不感兴趣,你在球类运动前根本找不到我。如:play basketball/soccer(打篮球/踢足球)等。
3 我还有个坏毛病——挑食,三餐饭前从来找不到我的影子。如:eat breakfast/lunch(吃早餐/中餐)等。
你了解定冠词the的生活习性了吗?赶快来找我吧!
请根据定冠词的“生活习性”填空,不需要填的地方打“×”。
1.He usually eats ________ dinner at 6:00 p. m..
2.Let's go and play ________ volleyball now.
3.She can play ________ violin very well.
4.We can speak ________ English and Chinese.
5.We should help ________ poor in the world.
6.My birthday is ________ 23rd of March.
7.I usually go to ________ school at 7:00 in ________ morning.
8.September is ________ ninth month of a year.
9.________ Greens live in China now.
10.I like to stay at ________ home and watch TV.
查看习题详情和答案>>听力
现在是试听时间。请听一段对话,然后回答问题。
What is the boy going to buy?
A.Some juice.
B.Some oranges.
C.Some apples.
答案是C。
A)请听下面10段对话。每段对话后有一小题,从题中所给的A、B、C三个选项中选出最佳选项。听完每段对话后,你都将有10秒钟的时间回答有关小题和阅读下一小题。每段对话读两遍。(每小题1分)
1.How did the boy go to the park?
A.
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B.
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C.
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2.What's the weather like now?
A.
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B.
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C.
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3.What sport does the boy like?
A.
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B.
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C.
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4.Where is Jimmy now?
A.In the office.
B.In the classroom.
C.At home.
5.Who cleans the house at weekends?
A.The woman.
B.The woman's husband.
C.The woman's children.
6.How long has the man waited for the bus?
A.Ten minutes.
B.Thirty minutes.
C.Forty minutes.
7.What time does the man's class start on Fridays?
A.At 10∶00.
B.At 9∶30.
C.At 9∶00.
8.What's the woman going to do?
A.Go to the airport.
B.Have a cup of tea.
C.Wait for the man's uncle.
9.What does the man mean?
A.He doesn't like the chair at all.
B.He will pay 50 dollars for the chair.
C.He can not afford the chair at last.
10.What can we learn from the conversation?
A.Mr.Smith is in London now.
B.Jack is in New York this week.
C.Jack will leave London for Paris.
B)请听下面两段对话和一段独白。每段对话或独白后有几个小题,从题中所给的A、B、C三个选项中选出最佳选项。听每段对话或独白前你都将有40秒钟的时间阅读各小题。每段对话或独白读两遍。(每小题1分)
Conversation 1
11.Where are the two speakers probably talking?
A.On a street.
B.In a bank.
C.In the Hill Building.
12.What is the woman's problem?
A.She has lost her watch.
B.She has bought a broken watch.
C.Something is wrong with her watch.
13.When does the man think the shop closes?
A.At 6∶50 p.m.
B.At 7∶00 p.m.
C.At 7∶10 p.m.
Conversation 2
14.Who is the woman?
A.The man's daughter.
B.The man's wife.
C.The man's student.
15.How long will it take to get to Blue Sky Water World by car?
A.About half an hour.
B.About one hour.
C.About one and a half hours.
16.Where will they probably go this weekend?
A.Sunshine Park.
B.A small zoo.
C.Blue Sky Water World.
Monologue(独白)
17.What will the weather be like at noon?
A.Cloudy.
B.Sunny.
C.Rainy.
18.What is the speaker doing?
A.Giving a talk.
B.Giving a weather report.
C.Making an advertisement.
19.Where shall we park if we want to drive to the beach this afternoon?
A.At the south end of the beach.
B.At the west end of the beach.
C.At the north end of the beach.
20.Which of the following is right?
A.Long Beach is in Australia.
B.The water temperature at the beach is 32 degrees.
C.Long Beach is a good place for swimming and surfing.
C)请听下面一段短文,根据短文内容完成表格。听短文前你将有50秒钟的时间阅读表格内容。短文读两遍。(每小题1分)
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