Are you a compulsive spender，or do you hold on to your money as long as possible? Are you a bargain hunter? Would you rather use charge accounts than pay in cash? Your answers to these questions will reflect your personality．According to psychologists，our individual money habits not only show our beliefs and values，but can also stem from past problems．
Experts in psychology believe that for many people，money is an important symbol of strength and influence．Husbands who complain about their wives’ spending habits may be afraid that they are losing power in their marriage．Wives，on the other hand，may waste huge amounts of money because they are angry at their husbands．In addition，many people consider money a symbol of love．They spend it on their family and friends to express love，or they buy themselves expensive presents because they need love．
People can be addicted to different things —for example，alcohol，drugs，certain foods，or even television．They are compulsive in their addictions，i．e．they must satisfy these needs to feel comfortable．In the same way，according to psychologists，compulsive spenders must spend money．
For people who buy on credit，furthermore，charge accounts are even more exciting than money：in other words，they feel that with credit，they can do anything．Their pleasures in spending enormous amounts are actually greater than those they get from the things they buy．
There is even a special psychology of bargain hunting．To save money，of course，most people look for sales，low prices，and discounts．Compulsive bargain hunters，however，often buy things that they don’t need just because they are cheap．They want to believe that they are helping their budgets，but they are really playing an exciting game：when they can buy something for less than other people，they feel that they are winning．Most people，experts claim，have two reasons for their behavior：a good reason for the things that they do and the real reason．
It is not only scientists，of course，who understand the psychology of spending habits，but also business people．Stores，companies，and advertisers use psychology to increase business：they consider people’s needs for love，power，or influence，their basic values，their beliefs and opinions， etc．in their advertising and sales methods．
Psychologists often use a method called “behavior therapy（疗法）”to help individuals solve their personality problems．In the same way，they can help people who feel that they have problems with money：they give them “assignments” If a person buys something in every store that he enters， for instance，a therapist might teach him self discipline in this way：on the first day of his therapy， he must go into a store，stay five minutes，and then leave．On the second day，he should stay for ten minutes and try something on．On the third day，he stays for fifteen minutes，asks the salesclerk a question，but does not buy anything．Soon he will learn that nothing bad will happen to him if he doesn’t buy anything，and he can solve the problem of his compulsive buying．
【小题1】If you use charge accounts，           ．

Are you a compulsive spender，or do you hold on to your money as long as possible? Are you a bargain hunter? Would you rather use charge accounts than pay in cash? Your answers to these questions will reflect your personality.According to psychologists，our individual money habits not only show our beliefs and values，but can also stem from past problems.
Experts in psychology believe that for many people，money is an important symbol of strength and influence.Husbands who complain about their wives’ spending habits may be afraid that they are losing power in their marriage.Wives，on the other hand，may waste huge amounts of money because they are angry at their husbands.In addition，many people consider money a symbol of love.They spend it on their family and friends to express love，or they buy themselves expensive presents because they need love.
People can be addicted to different things —for example，alcohol，drugs，certain foods，or even television.They are compulsive in their addictions，i.e.they must satisfy these needs to feel comfortable.In the same way，according to psychologists，compulsive spenders must spend money.
For people who buy on credit，furthermore，charge accounts are even more exciting than money：in other words，they feel that with credit，they can do anything.Their pleasures in spending enormous amounts are actually greater than those they get from the things they buy.
There is even a special psychology of bargain hunting.To save money，of course，most people look for sales，low prices，and discounts.Compulsive bargain hunters，however，often buy things that they don’t need just because they are cheap.They want to believe that they are helping their budgets，but they are really playing an exciting game：when they can buy something for less than other people，they feel that they are winning.Most people，experts claim，have two reasons for their behavior：a good reason for the things that they do and the real reason.
It is not only scientists，of course，who understand the psychology of spending habits，but also business people.Stores，companies，and advertisers use psychology to increase business：they consider people’s needs for love，power，or influence，their basic values，their beliefs and opinions， etc.in their advertising and sales methods.
Psychologists often use a method called “behavior therapy（疗法）”to help individuals solve their personality problems.In the same way，they can help people who feel that they have problems with money：they give them “assignments” If a person buys something in every store that he enters， for instance，a therapist might teach him self discipline in this way：on the first day of his therapy， he must go into a store，stay five minutes，and then leave.On the second day，he should stay for ten minutes and try something on.On the third day，he stays for fifteen minutes，asks the salesclerk a question，but does not buy anything.Soon he will learn that nothing bad will happen to him if he doesn’t buy anything，and he can solve the problem of his compulsive buying.

1. 1.

   If you use charge accounts，           .

   1. A.
      you pay in cash
   2. B.
      you pay less than you should
   3. C.
      you pay with credit card
   4. D.
      you pay more than you should
2. 2.

   Compulsive bargain hunters buy things for all the following reasons except that         .

   1. A.
      the things they buy are cheap
   2. B.
      they believe they can balance their budgets
   3. C.
      they get psychological satisfaction
   4. D.
      they really need the things they buy
3. 3.

   Behavior therapy in this case aims at         .

   1. A.
      helping businessmen to increase their business
   2. B.
      helping compulsive spenders to buy less
   3. C.
      finding out how people will react if they are allowed to buy
   4. D.
      finding out what people will do in front of a bargain
4. 4.

   The underlined word “those” in Paragraph 3 refers to         .

   1. A.
      different things
   2. B.
      their addictions
   3. C.
      their pleasures
   4. D.
      charge accounts
5. 5.

   From the passage we can conclude that         .

   1. A.
      how you spend money reveals if you are psychologically healthy
   2. B.
      money is a necessity and will bring you happiness if you have much
   3. C.
      compulsive buying problems can be solved by taking some medicine
   4. D.
      all businessmen understand well the psychology of customers

In the 18th century, New York was smaller than Philadelphia and Boston. Today it is the largest city in America. How can the change in its size and importance be explained?

    To answer this question we must consider certain facts about geography, history, and economics. Together these three will explain the huge growth of America’s most famous city.

    The map of the Northeast shows that the four areas with the largest populations in this region are around seaports. At these points materials from across the sea enter the United States, and the products of the land are sent there for export across the sea.

     We know that places where transportation lines meet are good places for making raw materials into finished goods. That is why seaports often have cities nearby. But cities like New York needed more than their geographical location in order to become great industrial centers. Their development did not happen simply by chance.www.zxxk.com

     About 1815, when many Americans from the east had already moved toward the west, transportation routes from the seaports to the central regions of the country began to be a serious problem. The slow wagons of that time, usually drawn by horses, were too expensive for moving heavy freight (货物) very far. In New York State a canal seemed the best answer to the transportation problem. From the eastern end of Lake Erie all the way across the state to the Hudson River there is a long strip of low land. Here the Erie Canal was built, and after several years of work it was completed in 1825.

     The canal produced an immediate effect. Freight costs were cut to about one tenth of what they had been. New York City, which had been smaller than Philadelphia and Boston, quickly became the leading city of the coast. In the years that followed, transportation routes on the Great Lakes were joined to routes on the Mississippi River. Then New York City became the end point of a great inland shipping system that started from the Atlantic Ocean far up the western branches of the Mississippi.

1.Which of the following would be the best title for the passage?

A. The Development of Transportation in New York

B. Export and Import of New York

C. How New York Became America's Largest City

D. How New York Exchanged with Europe

2.According to the passage, which of the following statements is TRUE?

A. The Erie Canal connected Lake Erie with the Hudson River.

B. Economists are of the opinion that places where farming is done are good for making raw materials into finished goods.

C. Wagons drawn by horses and oxen soon proved to be better and cheaper than canal transportation.

D. The seaports usually have less population but more business.

3.Freight costs were reduced to 10% of what they had been because of ________.

A. cheap and fast wagons                          B. the new sea routes

C. the construction of the Erie Canal       D. the development of industry

In the 18th century, New York was smaller than Philadelphia and Boston. Today it is the largest city in America. How can the change in its size and importance be explained?
To answer this question we must consider certain facts about geography, history, and economics. Together these three will explain the huge growth of America’s most famous city.
The map of the Northeast shows that the four areas with the largest populations in this region are around seaports. At these points materials from across the sea enter the United States, and the products of the land are sent there for export across the sea.
We know that places where transportation lines meet are good places for making raw materials into finished goods. That is why seaports often have cities nearby. But cities like New York needed more than their geographical location in order to become great industrial centers. Their development did not happen simply by chance.www.zxxk.com
About 1815, when many Americans from the east had already moved toward the west, transportation routes from the seaports to the central regions of the country began to be a serious problem. The slow wagons of that time, usually drawn by horses, were too expensive for moving heavy freight (货物) very far. In New York State a canal seemed the best answer to the transportation problem. From the eastern end of Lake Erie all the way across the state to the Hudson River there is a long strip of low land. Here the Erie Canal was built, and after several years of work it was completed in 1825.
The canal produced an immediate effect. Freight costs were cut to about one tenth of what they had been. New York City, which had been smaller than Philadelphia and Boston, quickly became the leading city of the coast. In the years that followed, transportation routes on the Great Lakes were joined to routes on the Mississippi River. Then New York City became the end point of a great inland shipping system that started from the Atlantic Ocean far up the western branches of the Mississippi

1. 1.

   Which of the following would be the best title for the passage?

   1. A.
      The Development of Transportation in New York
   2. B.
      Export and Import of New York
   3. C.
      How New York Became America's Largest City
   4. D.
      How New York Exchanged with Europe
2. 2.

   According to the passage, which of the following statements is TRUE?

   1. A.
      The Erie Canal connected Lake Erie with the Hudson River
   2. B.
      Economists are of the opinion that places where farming is done are good for making raw materials into finished goods
   3. C.
      Wagons drawn by horses and oxen soon proved to be better and cheaper than canal transportation
   4. D.
      The seaports usually have less population but more business
3. 3.

   Freight costs were reduced to 10% of what they had been because of ______.

   1. A.
      cheap and fast wagons
   2. B.
      the new sea routes
   3. C.
      the construction of the Erie Canal
   4. D.
      the development of industry