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When difficult people expresses themselves orally, they generally want at least two things: they’ve been heard and they’ve been understood. As a good communicator should be a good listener, five steps are advocated toward good listening.

The first step is cooperating. How does a difficult person know that you’re listening and understanding? In fact, it’s through the way you look and sound while he is talking. You may help him to fully express his thoughts and feelings. You do this by nodding your head in agreement, making certain sounds of understanding.

When the person begins to repeat what’s been said, it’s a signal of step two: turning back. It means that you repeat back some words he is using, sending a clear signal that you’ve listening carefully and that you think what he is saying is important.

Having heard what he has to say, the next step is clarifying. At this point, you start to gather information about what is being communicated. Ask same open-ended questions, which will allow you to figure out what intention he is hoping to satisfy.

The fourth step is to summarize what you’ve heard. This allows you to make sure that both you and the difficult person the same page. When you do this, two things happen. First, if you’ve missed something, he can fill in the details. Second you’ve shown that you’re making an effort to understand completely. This increases possibility of gaining cooperation from him.

Having listened carefully, you’ve now arrived at the point of confirming with the person that he feels satisfied that his thoughts have been fully voiced. Ask if he feels understood.

Then enough sincere listening, questioning, and remembering are brought together, understanding is usually achieved and a difficult person becomes less difficult and more cooperative.

 Many people hope to have a _____ job, especially during the financial crisis.

   A. professional     B. premier     C. primitive     D. permanent

Can you imagine traveling to work in a one – man submarine? Some scientists believe that some day one – man submarines will be as many as automobiles are today．A famous French driver says, “One day soon, men will walk on the ocean floor as they do on the street!” Perhaps during your lifetime people will travel, and live in the sea．

If human beings want to live in the ocean, many human problems will need to be studied first.

Some of these problems, similar to those of living in outer space, are pressure, lack of oxygen and weightlessness. Many questions are still unanswered．For example, can our blood make itself fit for underwater surroundings? What will happen to our muscle if we live in the water very long? Scientists are looking for answers．

Perhaps in the future man will live in the sea, away from the crowded and noisy cities on land．Then sea has plenty of space, not only for floating living buildings and parks, but also for storing supplies and for underwater travel．

Some scientists believe that ocean living will benefit man in more than physical ways. In the freedom and beauty of the deep sea, man may find new sources of joy．

1.What can we do if we live in the ocean?  (    )

A．We can have plenty of oxygen．

B．We can be fit to live in the water very well．

C．We needn’t worry about things like weightlessness．

D．We can travel and work in the sea．

2.Why do some people hope to leave cities to live in the sea? Because_____．  (    )

A．people think they can live crowdedly in the sea

B．people wish to go the quiet seafloor to travel for several days

C．people want to break away from the crowded and noisy cities where they live now

D．only in this way can people get rid of noise pollution

3.In what ways could ocean living be helpful for man?  (    )

A．People can swim freely as much as possible．

B．People can be interested in the new pleasure there isn’t anywhere else．

C．The sea can supply people with enough foods and other things, so people needn’t work．

D．People can go boating and go to the park as often as possible．

4.Which of the following is the similar problem as that of living in outer space?  (    )

A．We are short of oxygen．

B．We are not familiar with the underwater surrounding．

C．We may die of weightlessness．

D．We can finds new joys．

5.Which of the following statements is true according to the passage?  (    )

A．The scientists have not solved the problem of weightlessness underwater．

B．The scientists have solved the problem of weightlessness when man live in space．

C．Some scientists believe that ocean living will benefit man in no more than physical ways．

D．Sea has plenty of space only for floating living buildings and parks．

People who averaged fewer than seven hours of sleep per night in the weeks before being exposed to the cold virus were nearly three times as likely to get sick as those who averaged eight hours or more, a new study found.

Researchers used frequent telephone interviews to track the sleep habits of more than 150 men and women aged 21 to 55 over the last few weeks. Then they exposed the subjects to the virus, quarantined (检疫隔离) them for five days and kept track of who got sick.

Besides sleeping more, sleeping better also seemed to help the body fight illness: Patients who fared better on a measure known as “sleep efficiency”—the percentage of time in bed that you’re actually sleeping—were also less likely to get sick.

The results held true even after researchers adjusted for elements such as body-mass index, age, sex, smoking and pre-existing antibodies (抗体) to the virus.

The researchers aren’t exactly sure why sleeping better makes you less likely to develop a cold. But they do try to give an answer: “Sleep disturbance influences the regulation of symptom mediators (调节因子) that are released in response to infection.” In plain English, maybe tossing and turning when you’re infected with the cold virus contributes to the symptoms that define a cold.

The researchers were based at Carnegie Mellon, the University of Pittsburgh and the University of Virginia, and the study was funded by the National Institutes of Health.

1. According to the passage, what does the underlined word “subjects” mean in paragraph 2?

A. areas of knowledge in a school

B. people being studied in an experiment

C. research topics

D. animals being tested

2.It is shown in the passage that _______.

A. the researchers obtain information about the sleep habits by frequent interviews

B. the researchers do their research in the National Institutes of Health

C. people hope to avoid being infected with a cold by sleeping as much as possible

D. sleeping more and better helps regulate the symptom mediators

3.What’s the best title of the passage?

A. The Relationship Between Virus and Cold

B. How to Sleep Well

C. Good Sleep Helps Fight a Cold

D. The More the Sleep, the Better Your Body

People hope to become more _____ in predicting earthquakes.