Five million people visit Grand Canyon in the US every year. For the purpose of helping project Grand Canyon for your fellow visitors and future generations, please follow the guidelines below.

Camping

To project the park, camping is allowed only within permitted campgrounds. Permits are required for overnight camping at the North Rim. Advance booking can be received by mail. Please write: Information Center, P.O. Box 129, Grand Canyon, AZ 86023

Fires

Because of the extreme fire danger, campfires are not allowed except at Mather and Desert View campgrounds. Collection of firewood is not allowed either.

Hiking(远足)

Please stay on permitted paths. Otherwise you may destroy desert plants. Pack out what you pack in, so you leave no signs of your visit. It is important to keep in mind that you are in a national park where wildlife exists.

Weather

The weather at Gramd Canyon can change very quickly. With so much rock, lightning(闪电) causes a particular danger during sudden summer storms. These storms also frequently bring floods inside valleys, a danger to hikers. Watch the skies and check daily weather reports.

Wildlife

Do not feed park wildlife. There have been a few cases at Gramd Canyon National Park where deer(鹿) were purposely shot because they ate plastic bags that left them sick and weak. Hungry deer can be danger and have kicked and bitten visitors at Grand Canyon. Some other animals will also beg and bite. For your own safety and the well-being of the animals, please do not feed wildlife, no matter how gentle they may appear.

47. What can you do first if you want to go camping?

   A. Know the permitted                   B. Book campgrounds in advance

   C. Make sure not to make a fire           D. Stop at Mather and Desert View

48. What do the underlined words “pack out what you pack in” in Paragraph 4 probably mean?

   A. keep every out of campgrounds

   B. take away everything you bring in

   C. carry all the necessary food

   D. look after your personal belongings

49. Why were some deer killed on purpose at Grand Canyon?

   A. They ate wrong things and became very ill.

   B. They were a danger to other gentle animals.

   C. They begged food from visitors.

   D. They kicked and bit visitors.

50. What is the main purpose of the text?

   A. To provide travel information            B. To report some recent news.

   C. To teach tourists hiking skills             D. To introduce the wild life

CANYOUIMAGINEHOWHARDITWOULDBETOREADSENTENCESLIKETHIS? The ancient Greeks wrote this way. The lack of punctuation marks(标点符号) probably didn’t bother good readers, though. As they read, they just put pauses where they fit best. Also at this time, sentences switched directions. A sentence read from left to right. The next one read right to left, and then left to right again, etc.

The ancient Romans sometimes punctuated like this: They·put·a·point·between·each·word·in·a·sentence. The word punctuation actually comes from this idea and the Latin word punctum, which means a prick(刺).

       When the 5^th century arrived, there were just two punctuation marks: spaces and points. The space separated words and while the points showed pauses in reading. Then in the 13^th century, a printer named Aldus Manutius tried to standardize punctuation. He always used a period for a complete stop at the end of a sentence. He used a slash (/) to indicate a short pause. Over time, that slash was shortened and curled, and it became the modern comma.

       Since that time, other marks have enlarged the punctuation family. The exclamation mark comes form the Latin word xt. It was originally formed by putting an upper-case(大写字母) I on the lower-case xt. The Latin word xt means “exclamation of joy.” The question mark originally started out as the Latin word question, meaning question. Eventually, scholars put it at the end of a sentence to show a question. Over time, it became a symbol formed by putting a lower-case q on an o.

         Punctuation is still changing today. New marks are coming into existence, and old punctuation marks are used in new ways. Take for example, the “interrobang.” This 1962 invention combines the question mark and exclamation mark for times when writers want both. For example, “She did what??” or “How much did you pay for that dress??” Obviously, the interrobang is not widely used or recognized – yet. But its invention shows that English is not yet finished with its punctuation.

Which of the following is a comma?

A. ,                             B. :                       C.   ;                    D. !

What’s the first paragraph mainly about?

A. The history of punctuation.

B. The introduction of punctuation.

C. The very beginning of punctuation.

D. The ancient Greek way of writing without punctuation.

Please put the following events in the order they happened.

a. The exclamation mark and question mark came into the punctuation family.

b. Comma came into existence.

c. Romans put a dot between words to separate words.

d. A period was used to end a sentence.

e. The “interrobang” was invented.

A. cbdae                B. dcbae                C. dbcea                D. cdbae

What is the most possible situation for “She did what??”?

A. You are told she gave her baby boy a good beat.

B. You are wondering what she did to save the poor boy.

C. You want to know what she did for a living after fleeing to a foreign country.

D. You demand someone else tell you what in the world happened to her.

According to the article, we learn ________.

A. punctuation didn’t come into being until the 5^th century.

B. no one can really tell what new marks we may have in the future.

C. the invention of “interrobang” is a failure since it is not widely used.

D. both the exclamation mark and the question mark come from Greek words.

CANYOUIMAGINEHOWHARDITWOULDBETOREADSENTENCESLIKETHIS? The ancient Greeks wrote this way. The lack of punctuation marks(标点符号) probably didn’t bother good readers, though. As they read, they just put pauses where they fit best. Also at this time, sentences switched directions. A sentence read from left to right. The next one read right to left, and then left to right again, etc.

The ancient Romans sometimes punctuated like this: They·put·a·point·between·each·word·in·a·sentence. The word punctuation actually comes from this idea and the Latin word punctum, which means a prick(刺).

         When the 5^th century arrived, there were just two punctuation marks: spaces and points. The space separated words and while the points showed pauses in reading. Then in the 13^th century, a printer named Aldus Manutius tried to standardize punctuation. He always used a period for a complete stop at the end of a sentence. He used a slash (/) to indicate a short pause. Over time, that slash was shortened and curled, and it became the modern comma.

         Since that time, other marks have enlarged the punctuation family. The exclamation mark comes form the Latin word xt. It was originally formed by putting an upper-case(大写字母) I on the lower-case xt. The Latin word xt means “exclamation of joy.” The question mark originally started out as the Latin word question, meaning question. Eventually, scholars put it at the end of a sentence to show a question. Over time, it became a symbol formed by putting a lower-case q on an o.

           Punctuation is still changing today. New marks are coming into existence, and old punctuation marks are used in new ways. Take for example, the “interrobang.” This 1962 invention combines the question mark and exclamation mark for times when writers want both. For example, “She did what‽” or “How much did you pay for that dress‽” Obviously, the interrobang is not widely used or recognized – yet. But its invention shows that English is not yet finished with its punctuation.

1.Which of the following is a comma?

A. ,                              B. :                               C.    ;                           D. !

2.What’s the first paragraph mainly about?

A. The history of punctuation.

B. The introduction of punctuation.

C. The very beginning of punctuation.

D. The ancient Greek way of writing without punctuation.

3.Please put the following events in the order they happened.

a. The exclamation mark and question mark came into the punctuation family.

b. Comma came into existence.

c. Romans put a dot between words to separate words.

d. A period was used to end a sentence.

e. The “interrobang” was invented.

A. cbdae                     B. dcbae                     C. dbcea                     D. cdbae

4.What is the most possible situation for “She did what‽”?

A. You are told she gave her baby boy a good beat.

B. You are wondering what she did to save the poor boy.

C. You want to know what she did for a living after fleeing to a foreign country.

D. You demand someone else tell you what in the world happened to her.

5. According to the article, we learn ________.

A. punctuation didn’t come into being until the 5^th century.

B. no one can really tell what new marks we may have in the future.

C. the invention of “interrobang” is a failure since it is not widely used.

D. both the exclamation mark and the question mark come from Greek words.

完形填空（共20小题，每题1．5分，共30分）

       A White – bearded ancient man was walking over the hills and valleys of the world．On his back he carried a bag which moved uneasily as if something was trying to escape from it, but he   21   it between his shoulders and walked on．

       He was Father Time, traveling forever, and the bag he   22   was filled with Tomorrows, all struggling to get out．

       Each   23   at twelve o’clock, he opened the bag and   24   a Tomorrow, just one, with its wings of   25   , and its shining feathers rose with hope．All the rest were kept   26   by Time’s strong hands and pushed   27   in the bag．

       Down flew the Tomorrow   28   its lovely feathers, but as it touched the   29   , off fell its blue wings and it changed to a（n）   30   white bird which could not fly．It had become a Today．Everyone knows that Today isn’t as   31   as Tomorrow, for Today can be held in one’s   32   , accepted, unloved, but Tomorrow is full of mystery（神秘）and beauty．It is   33   by all the world．Even those with   34   hope sigh, “Tomorrow may bring a（n）   35  ．Tomorrow’s life will be different．”

       Everybody tried to   36  the Tomorrow before it fell to the ground．They thought if they   37   beforehand what the Tomorrow carries, they could   38   for it．So they put great nets on the trees, seeking to catch one   39   it changed his feather．Yet although they tried every means, the birds   40   and flew to the ground as Todays．

1.A．relaxed  B．worried    C．excited     D．settled

2.A．bore      B．placed      C．laid   D．lifted

3.A．dawn     B．morning   C．night D．afternoon

4.A．got     B．fetched     C．took      D．flew

5.A．blue      B．pink      C．black     D．white

6.A．out     B．off        C．away     D．back

7.A．along     B．deep      C．far        D．over

8.A．shaking  B．moving     C．beating     D．striking

9.A．earth     B．floor     C．tree       D．grass

10.A．lovely  B．ordinary   C．beautiful   D．especial

11.A．bad      B．wonderful C．common   D．familiar

12.A．hands   B．mind     C．heart     D．head

13.A．noticed       B．seen      C．forgotten  D．desired

14.A．little    B．some     C．much     D．few

15.A．shock   B．suggestion C．change      D．advice

16.A．keep    B．catch     C．hold      D．protect

17.A．expectedB．watched  C．guessed     D．knew

18.A．wait     B．long      C．prepare     D．look

19.A．as     B．when     C．before      D．after

20.A．refused       B．escaped     C．struggled  D．fought

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