People can be addicted to different things— e．g．alcohol, drug, certain foods，or even television．People who have such an addiction are compulsive: they have a very powerful psychological need that they feel they must satisfy．According to psychologists, many people are compulsive spenders．They feel that they must spend money．This compulsion, like most others, is impossible to explain reasonably．For compulsive spenders who buy on credit, charge accounts are even more exciting than money．In other words, compulsive spenders feel that with credit, they can do anything．Their pleasure in spending large amounts is actually greater than the pleasure that they get from the things they buy．

    There is even a special psychology of bargain hunting．To save money, of course, most people look for sales, low prices, and discounts．Compulsive bargain hunters，however, often buy things that they don't need just because they are cheap．They want to believe that they are helping their budgets, but they are really playing an exciting game．When they can buy something for less than other people, they feel that they are winners．Most people, experts claim, have two reasons for their behavior: a good reason for the things that they do and thereal reason．

    It is not only scientists, of course, who understand the psychology of spending habits, butalso business people．Stores, companies, and advertisers use psychology to increase business．They consider people's needs for love, power, or influence, their basic values, their beliefs andopinions, and so on in their advertising and sales methods．

    Psychologists often use a method called "behavior therapy （疗法）"to help individuals solvetheir personality problems．In the same way, they can help people who feel that they haveproblems with money．

According to psychologists, a compulsive spender is one who spends large amounts of money                ．

    A．and takes great pleasure from what he or she buys

    B．in order to satisfy his or her basic needs in life

    C．just to meet his or her strong psychological need

    D．entirely with an irrational eagerness

According to the passage, compulsive bargain hunters are often in search of the lowest possible prices    .

    A．because they feel satisfied if they spend less money than others

    B．because they like to show off their success in getting things for less money

    C．because they have money problem

    D．because they want to save money to help heir budget

The passage is mainly talking about    ．

    A．the psychology of money-spending habits

    B．the purchasing habits of compulsive spenders

    C．a special psychology of bargain hunting

    D．the use of the psychology of spending habits in business

From the passage we may safely conclude that compulsive spenders or compulsive bargainhunters  .

    A．are really unreasonable

    B．need special treatment

    C．can't be cured  

    D．can never get any help to solve their problems with money

The need for love is deeply rooted in the human psyche(灵魂). ____ Separateness, according to psychologists, means to be cut off, helpless and alone in the world. It is the source of all anxiety.

_____ It can be selfish and possessive, or unselfish and giving. Abraham Maslow distinguishes between two kinds of love: B-love or “being love” means love for another person: unselfish love not dependent upon your own needs. D-love or “deficiency-love” is a selfish possessive love which is based upon someone else’s ability to satisfy your needs.

D-love is conditional. It depends upon whether personal needs continue to be met…But B-love is unconditional. ___ Furthermore, as it depends upon who you are, it is possible only when you allow yourself to be known to the other person.

The psychologist Erich Fromm also distinguished between two types of love._ _ Symbiotic union is an immature love based upon the satisfaction of needs and is similar to Maslow’s concept of D-love.

Mature love, on the other hand, is a relationship that allows individuals to retain(保持) their independence, their identity, and their integrity. In mature love people can overcome their sense of separateness yet continue to be themselves. The mature lover would say , “I love you because I need you,” but the mature one: “__”

A. There are two types of love.

B. I need you because I love you.

C. Love is a way of overcoming the feeling

D. Every one of us needs love.

E. It depends not upon what you do, but who you are.

F. They are immature love, called by him symbiotic union(共同体), and mature love.

G. These two types are quite different from each other.

根据短文内容，从短文后的选项中选出能填入空白处的最佳选项。选项中有两项为多于选项。

When a starving man gets a meal, he begins to think about an overcoat; when an executive gets a new sports car, visions of country clubs and pleasure beats dance into view.

The many wants of mankind might be regarded as making up several levels.     .

The first and most basic level of wants involves food. Once this want is satisfied, a second level of wants appears: clothing and some sort of shelter. By the end of World War II these wants were satisfied for a great majority of Americans. It included such items as automobiles and new houses.

By 1957 or 1958 this third level of wants was fairly well satisfied. Then, in the late 1950s a fourth level of wants appeared: the “life-enriching” level. While the other levels involve physical satisfaction－the feeding, comfort, safety, and transportation of the human body－this level stresses mental needs for recognition, achievement and happiness. It includes a variety of goods and services, many of which could be called “luxury” items. Among them are vacation trips, the best medical care, and entertainment.    

One this level, a greater percentage of consumer spending goes to services, while on the first three levels more is spent on goods. Will consumers raise their sights to a fifth level of wants as their income increases, or will they continue to demand luxuries and personal services on the fourth level?

A fifth level probably would involve wants that can be achieved best by community action. Consumers may be spending more on taxes to pay for government action against disease, ignorance, crime and prejudice.   In this way, we can enjoy more fully the good things on the first four levels.

A. Then a third level appeared.

B. Human wants seem endless.

C. When there is money enough to satisfy one level of wants, another level appears.

D. There are several levels of wants in one’s life.

E. At this stage, we now may seek to ensure the health, safety, and leisure.

F. Also included here are fancy foods and the latest styles in clothing.

G. Different people have different wants on each level.

Japanese people,who never miss a chance to be photographed,were lining up to get their pictures on a postage stamp．Vanity（虚荣）stamps with personal photographs went on sale for the first time in Japan as part of an international postage stamp exhibition．The customer’s photo was taken with a digital camera and then printed on stamp sheets,a process that takes about five minutes．Sold in a sheet of 10 stamps for $8．80,little more than the cost of lunch in Tokyo,each stamp printed a different scene from a traditional painting along with the photo．

    The stamps can be used normally to mail a letter,and postal officials hope they will help encourage interest in letter writing in the Internet age．“Certainly e-mail is a useful method of communication,but letters are fun in a different way,”said Hatsumi Shimizu an official in the Post Ministry．“We want to show young people that letters can be fun too．”

    While similar stamp sheets appeared in Australia in 1999 and are now sold in some nations and territories,Japan’s fondness for commemorative photos is likely to make them especially popular here．Indeed,officials had prepared 1 000 sheets but they were sold out in less than 30 minutes．Although the stamps are currently only available as a special service during the exhibition,postal officials said they may start selling them on a regular basis in the future．

1.The best title of this passage might be______．

    A．Never Miss a Chance to be Photographed          B．Your Own Face on a Postage Stamp

    C．First Japanese Postage Stamps with a Photo     D．Letters are as Fun as E-mails

2.By saying“little more than the cost of lunch in Tokyo”,the author really means______．

    A．this service is not very expensive       B.the cost of this service is very high

    C．food in Tokyo is very dear             D．$8．80 is a very small amount of money

3.The purpose of this activity is______．

    A．to make the international postage stamp exhibition more interesting

    B．to make more stamps for normal use                 C．to draw interest in writing letters

    D．to satisfy Japan’s fondness of commemorative photos

4.Which of the following is true according to the passage?

    A．Japanese people like to take photos．              B．This kind of stamps must be used to mail letters．

    C．Japanese people can get this kind of stamps easily after the stamp exhibition．

    D．This service is more popular in Japan than in other places．

Japanese people,who never miss a chance to be photographed,were lining up to get their pictures on a postage stamp．Vanity（虚荣）stamps with personal photographs went on sale for the first time in Japan as part of an international postage stamp exhibition．The customer’s photo was taken with a digital camera and then printed on stamp sheets,a process that takes about five minutes．Sold in a sheet of 10 stamps for $8．80,little more than the cost of lunch in Tokyo,each stamp printed a different scene from a traditional painting along with the photo．

    The stamps can be used normally to mail a letter,and postal officials hope they will help encourage interest in letter writing in the Internet age．“Certainly e-mail is a useful method of communication,but letters are fun in a different way,”said Hatsumi Shimizu an official in the Post Ministry．“We want to show young people that letters can be fun too．”

    While similar stamp sheets appeared in Australia in 1999 and are now sold in some nations and territories,Japan’s fondness for commemorative photos is likely to make them especially popular here．Indeed,officials had prepared 1 000 sheets but they were sold out in less than 30 minutes．Although the stamps are currently only available as a special service during the exhibition,postal officials said they may start selling them on a regular basis in the future．

The best title of this passage might be______．

    A．Never Miss a Chance to be Photographed           B．Your Own Face on a Postage Stamp

    C．First Japanese Postage Stamps with a Photo       D．Letters are as Fun as E-mails

By saying“little more than the cost of lunch in Tokyo”,the author really means______．

    A．this service is not very expensive       B.the cost of this service is very high

    C．food in Tokyo is very dear             D．$8．80 is a very small amount of money

The purpose of this activity is______．

    A．to make the international postage stamp exhibition more interesting

    B．to make more stamps for normal use   C．to draw interest in writing letters

    D．to satisfy Japan’s fondness of commemorative photos

Which of the following is true according to the passage?

    A．Japanese people like to take photos．    B．This kind of stamps must be used to mail letters．

    C．Japanese people can get this kind of stamps easily after the stamp exhibition．

    D．This service is more popular in Japan than in other places．