Making an advertisement for television often costs more than a movie. For example, a two – hour movie costs ＄6 million to make. A TV commercial can cost more than ＄6 000 a second. And that does not include cost of paying for air time. Which is more valuable, the program or the ad? In terms of money – and making money is what television is all about – the commercial is by far the more important.

Research, market testing, talent, time and money —— all come together to make us want to buy a product.

No matter how bad we think a commercial is, it works. The sales of Charm went up once the ads began. TV commercials actually buy their way into our head. We, in turn, buy the product.

And the ads work because so much time and attention are given to them. Here are some rules of commercial ad making. If you want to get the low middle – class buyer, make sure the announcer has a though, manly voice. Put some people in the ad who work with their hands. If you want to sell to upper – class audience, make sure that the house,  the furniture, and the hair style are the types that the group identifies  with. If you want the buyer feel superior to the character selling the product, then make that person so stupid or silly that everyone will feel great about himself or herself.

We laugh at commercials. We don’t think we pay that much attention to them. But evidence shows we are kidding ourselves. The making of a commercial that costs so much money is not kid stuff. It’s big, big business. And it’s telling us what to think , what we need, and what to buy. To put simply, the TV commercial is a form of brainwashing.

1.TV commercials are more important than other programs to television because      .

A．they bring in great profits                 B．they require a lot of money to make

C．they are not difficult to produce            D．they attract more viewers than other programs

2.The purpose of all the efforts made in turning out TV commercials is         .`

A．to persuade people to buy the product

B．to show how valuable the product is

C．to test the market value of the product

D．to make them as interesting as TV movies

3.From the rules set for making commercial ads, we can see that         .

A．the lower – middle – class buyer likes to work with his hand

B．the more stupid the characters, the more buyers of the product

C．ad designers attract different people with different skills

D．an upper – class buyer is only interested in houses and furniture

4.It is believed by the writer that         .

A．few people like to watch TV commercials

B．TV commercials are a good guide to buyers

C．TV commercials often make people laugh

D．people do not think highly of TV commercials

5.What does the author actually mean in the last paragraph?

A．He asks TV viewers never to laugh at the TV commercial ads.

B．Commercials are used to show the true value of a product to be sold.

C．TV commercials cost much and they do influence us in one way or another.

D．Brainwashing must be introduced to sell something on TV.

Scientists in Israel have discovered a new way to test for water pollution by “listening” to what the plants growing in water have to say.

By shining a laser beam (激光束) on the tiny pieces of algae floating in the water，the researchers said they hear sound waves that tell them the type and amount of contamination (致污物) in the water.

“It is a red light，telling us that something is beginning to go wrong with the quality of water，” said Zvy Dubinsky，an aquatic biologist at Israel’s Bar Ilan University.“Algae is the first thing to be affected by a change in water quality.”“The secret，” he said，“is to measure the rate of photosynthesis (光合作用) in the algae，meaning the plant’s ability to transform light into energy.” During photosynthesis，plants also release oxygen into the air.

Dubinsky’s technique is easy to perform because of the over?abundance of algae in the planet’s water.Most of the oxygen in the atmosphere comes from algae.A prototype tester that occupies about one square meter of a laboratory desktop，shoots a laser beam at water samples to stimulate photosynthesis in the algae.But not all of the laser’s heat is used.Depending on the condition of the algae and the rate of photosynthesis，some of the heat is shot back into the water，creating sound waves，Dubinsky said.With a special underwater microphone，researchers are able to analyze the strength of the sound waves and determine the health of the algae and the condition of the surrounding water.

“Algae suffering from lead poisoning，like waste discharged from battery and paint manufacturing plants，will produce a different sound than those suffering from lack of iron or exposure to other toxins，” said researcher Yulia Pinchasov.She said that testing algae photosynthesis can determine water quality more accurately and easily than labor?intensive methods now used like chemical and radioactive carbon testing.

1.The underlined word “algae” in Paragraph 2 probably refers to a kind of________.

A．instrument? B．plant

C．wood? D．pollutant

2.Why is the algae tested?

A．Because it floats on the water.

B．Because it can have photosynthesis.

C．Because it is the first to be polluted.

D．Because it can produce different sounds.

3.We can infer from the passage that________.

A．algae can produce a loud sound when polluted

B．algae can die easily from pollution

C．photosynthesis of the algae can only be caused by sunlight

D．photosynthesis of the algae is related to water quality

4.What would be the best title for the passage?

A．Scientists Listen to Plants to Find Water Pollution

B．A Prototype Tester Is Used to Determine Water Pollution

C．The Importance of Photosynthesis of the Algae

D．The Problem of Chemical and Radioactive Carbon Testing

A new study says one part of the human brain may become smaller as the result of a condition known as jet lag. Jet lag results from flying long distances in an airplane. People with jet lag may feel extremely tired for several days. They may also have problems thinking clearly and remembering.

Recently a researcher at the University of Bristol in Britain reported the findings of his jet lag study, which involved twenty young women who worked for international airlines. They had served passengers on airplanes for five years. These flight attendants flew across many countries and at least seven time zones. In the study, the flight attendants had different amounts of time to recover from jet lag. Half the women spent five days or fewer in their home areas between long flights. The other half spent more than fourteen days in their home areas.

The researcher took some saliva from the women”s mouths to measure levels of a hormone(荷尔蒙) that increases during stress(紧张). He tested them to see if they could remember where black spots appeared on a computer screen. And he took pictures of their brains to measure the size of the brain”s temporal lobes(脑叶).

It was found that the women who had less time between flights had smaller right temporal lobes. This area of the brain deals with recognizing and remembering what is seen. The same group performed worse and had slower reaction times on the visual memory test. And their saliva samples showed higher levels of stress hormones.

The researcher believes the brain needs at least ten days to recover after a long trip. He says airline workers told him their ability to remember got worse after working on planes for about four years. Other studies have shown that increased feelings of stress can cause a loss of cells in the part of the brain that controls memory.

Scientists say more tests are needed to study the effects of jet lag on the brain. They want to find out if too much jet lag could permanently (永久性的) affect memory.

1.According to the text, jet lag .

1. can cause difficulties in speaking
2. can make people feel tired for a few weeks
3. can be only found in flight attendants
4. can be caused by flying over several time zones

2.It can be inferred from the text that .

1. the conclusion is refused by many scientists
2. scientists fear that this research is not done properly
3. the scientific conclusion needs the support from many tests
4. every women who were examined in the research were mot healthy

3.From the result of the research we can see that .

1. the women who have longer rest at home show better memory
2. the women who fly in short time have smaller right temporal lobes
3. the women who have longer flights fail the memory test
4. the women who rest more than 14 days produce less hormones

4.What is the subject discussed in the text?

1. The cause of jet lag.
2. A story of a group of flight attendants.
3. The importance of having enough rest after flights.
4. A research about the effects of jet lag on the brain.

A .Office Systems Technology

Courses: Keyboarding, Introduction to Information Systems, Records & Data Base Management, Business English，Document Formatting &Word Processing, Medical Terminology

Total Credit Hours: 18

Certificates: Data Entry Receptionist, Medical Admissions Clerk

Contact Information: Wilma Clapp一Project Coordinator  Bldg A, Room，119 Leestown Campus 164 Opportunity Way, Lexington, KY 40511 Tel: (859)246-6821

B. Chemical Engineering at Cambridge

Our course concentrates on the scientific principles that underpin modern chemical and biochemical engineering. The aim is to produce graduates that meet the needs of today’s process industries by providing technical competence, training in transferable skills, and a thorough understanding of the subject. We have strong links with industry. The course is supported by a consortium of 10 industrial companies. These links also mean that there are opportunities for vacation placements with some of the world’s top companies.

Contact details: admissions@ceb.cam.ac.uk or www. ceb. cam. ac. uk

C. English Learning at Cambridge

UCAS code: Q300 BA/E

Duration: 3 years

Colleges: Available at all colleges

Related courses: Anglo-Saxon, Norse, and Celtic

Classes: History, Linguistics, Modern and Medieval Languages, Theology and Religious Studies

Contact details: english-faculty@lists.cam.ue.ukculty@Iists.cam.ack.uk or www english. cam. ac. uk

D. The SIT TESOI, Certificate Course

Teaches you the fundamentals of teaching English to speakers of other languages

Gives you hands-on, trainer-observed teaching practice and includes workshop sessions and supported lesson planning by experienced trainers

Provides you with modern teaching methods that help you to connect effectively with learners’ individual needs and motivations.

Helps you develop confidence in your ability to teach English as a foreign language

Mailing Address: PO，Box 676, 1 Kipling Road, Brattleboro, VT 05302 USA

E. Skills for Life (English and Maths)

Skills for Life courses give you the English and maths skills you need to manage your life at home, at work and in all aspects of your life.

Skills for Life courses can also be a stepping stone to other courses, such as Skills for Learning. All of these courses are at Entry 3/Level I.

These courses are FREE of charge including all accommodation, meals, tuition and learning resources.

If you have any questions then please contact Yvonne Godwin at Fircroft College on 0121 472 0116.

F. Human, Social, and Political Sciences

UCAS code: L000 BA/HSPS

Duration: 3 years

Colleges: Available at all colleges except Peterhouse

Related courses: Asian and Middle Eastern Studies

Classes: Geography, History, Psychological and Behavioural Sciences, Theology and Religious Studies

Contact details: enquiries@hsps.cam.ac.uk or www hsps.cam.ac.uk/undergraduate

以下是相关人物信息，请将相关的人物信息与他们需要的课程匹配起来。

1.Eva will become an English teacher in September this year. Before working as a teacher, she wants to get some training and learn some modem teaching methods.

2.Joe lives with his mother near Fircroft College. His mother is too poor to afford his education. So he intends to find a course which offers free accommodation, meals and tuition.

3.Linda who majors in English plans to write a thesis about Anglo-Saxon people, including their life and history. Recently she has been collecting information about them.

4.Li Lei is going to finish his senior middle school and plans to study biochemical engineering at a world-famous college. So he decides to learn more about it during the summer vacation.

5. Wang Li is a reporter. She is asked to write a passage about Asia and Middle East. Because she isn’t familiar with them at all, she has to learn about them.

Hospital emergency rooms treat injured fingers all the time. Without treatment, a bad cut can lead to permanent damage. But how should a person know when a bleeding cut is serious enough to require medical attention? We asked Dr Martin Brown, chairman of the department of emergency medicine at Inova Alexandria Hospital in Virginia.

First, the medical term for a cut or tear in the skin is a laceration(严重划破，撕裂伤). Dr Brown says the length is usually not as important as the depth. He says a long cut on a finger can likely be treated without a visit to a doctor if the wound is not very deep. “If you have a short but deep laceration where there’s been a structure underneath that’s been damaged － a tendon, a nerve, a blood vessel,” says Martin, “it may, in fact, need professional attention.”

Some injuries － like a fingertip that gets cut off  － might even require surgery to repair. That requires a specialist to either file(锉平) down the bone or reattach the fingertip. More often, filing down the bone is what is done because reattaching a fingertip is often not successful.

How a wound bleeds can be a sign of how serious it is. Minor cuts usually produce what is known as venous (静脉) bleeding. This means the blood flows steadily from the injury. The bleeding will often stop when pressure is put on the wound. Dr Brown says in most cases holding direct pressure with clean gauze or a cloth for four to five minutes should stop the bleeding. With a cut finger, holding the hand above the heart can reduce the loss of blood. But if a cut appears to be pumping blood out with some force, this may be a sign of arterial(动脉) bleeding. This kind of injury should be treated by a medical professional as soon as possible.

Even a cut that does not require medical attention must be kept clean to prevent infection. Small cuts should be cleaned gently with clean water. Use a washcloth to clean the area if the wound is dirty. Dr Brown says cuts should be covered with a clean, dry bandage.

1.What does the writer want to tell the readers in the first paragraph?

A. Hospital emergency rooms always treat injured fingers.

B.A bleeding cut is serious enough to require medical attention

C. Dr Martin Brown is in charge of Inova Alexandria Hospital.

D. It is important for us to be able to tell how serious a finger cut is.

2.According to the passage,         .

A .a finger cut without treatment can lead to permanent damage

B. the length of a cut on a finger is more important than the depth

C. a long but not very deep cut often doesn’t need professional attention

D. a short but deep laceration that has been damaged need professional attention.

3.The underlined word “reattach” in Para.3 is closest in meaning to         .

A. repair          B. rebuild       C. reconstruct          D. reconnect

4.Which of the following statements is NOT true according to the passage?

A .How a wound bleeds can show us how serious the wound could be.

B Venous bleeding will often stop when we put pressure on the wound.

C. Holding up the hand with a finger cut can reduce the loss of blood.

D. Arterial bleeding should get professional treatment as soon as possible

5..The best title of this passage should be         .

A. Hospital Emergency Treatments For Injured Fingers

B. When a Cut Finger Is More Serious Than It Might Seem

C. Serious Finger Cut That Requires Medical Attention

D. Keep Finger Cuts Clean to Prevent Serious Infection