Abuse can be defined as “to treat wrongfully or harmfully”. There are different categories of abuse that have been recognized and within our case study there appear to be two distinct forms of abuse, family abuse and child abuse. These can be subdivided into terms of physical abuse and psychological abuse. Physical abuse is the intentional physical injury or harm or deliberately not preventing harm occurring. The minimum physical signs seen in our study of James are bruises but they might feel more painful to his heart than the more serious invisible injuries. Emotional abuse is the continual failure to meet basic emotional needs. Emotional development is prevented and well-being harmed. The emotional signs in our case study can be seen in James by his actions of being withdrawn and non-communicative. The behavioural sign to abuse taking place to James is his aggressive behaviour.
The short term effect of physical abuse on James is physical pain. In the long term, injuries that often happen can result in secondary illness and complications, permanent scars or even disabilities. His emotional effects in the short term are a fear of people, withdrawal, and poor relationship with others. The long term emotional effects could be low self-respect, depression, inability to form relationships.
Abuse can arise for many reasons and there are a number of theoretical views which may be useful in clarifying why the abuse has taken place. The female view believes that sex and family roles give approval to a culture of abuse. Considering the historical and fixed ideas, men have power and control. In James’ case he lives in a re-constructed family with the father being rude and a heavy drinker. From a psychological angle, alcohol misuse can bring mental health problems which may increase aggression in the person and so James is more at risk from abuse by his stepfather. The relationship between the mother and James involves a dependency of James on his mother. With other problems in James’ mother’s life, this leads to increasing stress and the inability of his mother to cope with and manage a family with four children borne by two mothers. The attachment theory states that significant separations of a child from the carer in the early years can have an effect on their emotional development and can lead to psychological and social difficulties in later life. The loss of both his father and his half sister’s father with whom he lives may have contributed to his behaviour.
Abusive behaviour can sometimes be the result of mental health problems, brain damage or being abused themselves. By becoming the abuser they believe they are taking control; some even believe that they are not doing anything wrong and cannot stop themselves. When working with individuals who have abused, it is important to be aware that they may go on to abuse again and there is a need to protect the community from the abuser.
【小题1】Which of the following is closest in meaning to the underlined word “bruises” in Paragraph 1?

Abuse can be defined as “to treat wrongfully or harmfully”. There are different categories of abuse that have been recognized and within our case study there appear to be two distinct forms of abuse, family abuse and child abuse. These can be subdivided into terms of physical abuse and psychological abuse. Physical abuse is the intentional physical injury or harm or deliberately not preventing harm occurring. The minimum physical signs seen in our study of James are bruises but they might feel more painful to his heart than the more serious invisible injuries. Emotional abuse is the continual failure to meet basic emotional needs. Emotional development is prevented and well-being harmed. The emotional signs in our case study can be seen in James by his actions of being withdrawn and non-communicative. The behavioural sign to abuse taking place to James is his aggressive behaviour.

The short term effect of physical abuse on James is physical pain. In the long term, injuries that often happen can result in secondary illness and complications, permanent scars or even disabilities. His emotional effects in the short term are a fear of people, withdrawal, and poor relationship with others. The long term emotional effects could be low self-respect, depression, inability to form relationships.

Abuse can arise for many reasons and there are a number of theoretical views which may be useful in clarifying why the abuse has taken place. The female view believes that sex and family roles give approval to a culture of abuse. Considering the historical and fixed ideas, men have power and control. In James’ case he lives in a re-constructed family with the father being rude and a heavy drinker. From a psychological angle, alcohol misuse can bring mental health problems which may increase aggression in the person and so James is more at risk from abuse by his stepfather. The relationship between the mother and James involves a dependency of James on his mother. With other problems in James’ mother’s life, this leads to increasing stress and the inability of his mother to cope with and manage a family with four children borne by two mothers. The attachment theory states that significant separations of a child from the carer in the early years can have an effect on their emotional development and can lead to psychological and social difficulties in later life. The loss of both his father and his half sister’s father with whom he lives may have contributed to his behaviour.

Abusive behaviour can sometimes be the result of mental health problems, brain damage or being abused themselves. By becoming the abuser they believe they are taking control; some even believe that they are not doing anything wrong and cannot stop themselves. When working with individuals who have abused, it is important to be aware that they may go on to abuse again and there is a need to protect the community from the abuser.

1.Which of the following is closest in meaning to the underlined word “bruises” in Paragraph 1?

2.According to the writer’s case study, which of the following cases can be defined as abuse?

3.From the passage we can infer that ______________.

4.Which of the following can best serve as the title of the passage? zxxk

This morning, a Virgin Atantin 747 Jumbo Jet became the first commercial airplane to fly on biofuel. The short flight from London to Amsterdam used a blend of 20% babassu(棕榈) oil mixed with 80% conventional jet fuel.
What was really exciting about the flight was the fact that the engine did not have to be altered in any way for the biofuel to work While this is a great initial step in trying to reduce CO₂(carbon-dioxide)emissions(排放)from airplanes. there are a lot of hurdles (障碍)that still need to be overcome.
First and foremost, unlike the normal fuel used to run airplanes (known as Jet A),biofuel freezes at high altitudes. Also, Jet‘A’fuel burns consistently (at the same pace),which means it provides a safe and reliable fuel for long flights--engineers are not sure if biofuel will be able to do the same.
The biggest hurdle to a full biofuel switch is our ability to be able to grow enough crops that can be converted to biofuel. There are two concerns that scientists have in this matter – the first is that the land to grow the extra crops will come from clearing more of our forests and the second is that since it competes with what we eat, the price of food will go up.
However, Richard Branson of Virgin Airlines, envisions that if biofuel starts to replace oil on a greater basis, it will be manufactured from algae（藻类）produced in sewage treatment plants, not from food sources.
Birgin Airlines is not the only one trying to look for alternative fuel sources. Earlier this year, an Airbus A380 used another alternative fuel-a man-made mix of gas-to-liquid, in one of its four engines. The flight was tested by Rolls Royce (manufacturer of jet engines), in partnership with Shell (an oil company). Rolls Royce is also working with Air New Zealand on a similar project.
While a complete switch to alternative fuel may take years, it is very encouraging to see airlines, oil companies and airplane manufacturers all coming together to try to make it happen!

1. 1.

   ．Why does Virgin Airlines try to replace normal fuel with biofuel?

   1. A.
      To cut down the flight cost of the company
   2. B.
      To remove some hurdles for the biofuel to work
   3. C.
      To reduce CO₂ emissions from airplanes
   4. D.
      To test plane engines on biofuel
2. 2.

   ．Which is NOT true for a full biofuel switch of airplanes?

   1. A.
      Biofuel cannot run for long flights
   2. B.
      ．Biofuel cannot work at high altitudes
   3. C.
      ．Man has not enough land to grow extra crops for biofuel
   4. D.
      ．It’s not easy for sewage treatment plants to manufacture biofuel
3. 3.

   ．One of the hurdles to be overcome for a full biofuel switch is to          

   1. A.
      alter the engine for airplanes
   2. B.
      make biofuel burn consistently
   3. C.
      open more land to grow more crops
   4. D.
      develop sewage treatment plants
4. 4.

   ．We can infer from the last paragraph that          

   1. A.
      there is a long way to go for a complete switch to alternative fuel
   2. B.
      it won’t be long before alternative fuel comes into use
   3. C.
      airlines, oil companies and airplane manufacturers are reliable
   4. D.
      alternative fuel has a bright future
5. 5.

   ．Which of the following can best serves as the title of this passage?

   1. A.
      Biofuel-Alternative Fuel Sources
   2. B.
      The First Commercial Flight Powered by Biofuel
   3. C.
      How to Reduce CO₂ Emissions from Airplanes
   4. D.
      Vigin Airlines Trying to Alter Fuel Sources

Abuse can be defined as “to treat wrongfully or harmfully”. There are different categories of abuse that have been recognized and within our case study there appear to be two distinct forms of abuse, family abuse and child abuse. These can be subdivided into terms of physical abuse and psychological abuse. Physical abuse is the intentional physical injury or harm or deliberately not preventing harm occurring. The minimum physical signs seen in our study of James are bruises but they might feel more painful to his heart than the more serious invisible injuries. Emotional abuse is the continual failure to meet basic emotional needs. Emotional development is prevented and well-being harmed. The emotional signs in our case study can be seen in James by his actions of being withdrawn and non-communicative. The behavioural sign to abuse taking place to James is his aggressive behaviour.

The short term effect of physical abuse on James is physical pain. In the long term, injuries that often happen can result in secondary illness and complications, permanent scars or even disabilities. His emotional effects in the short term are a fear of people, withdrawal, and poor relationship with others. The long term emotional effects could be low self-respect, depression, inability to form relationships.

Abuse can arise for many reasons and there are a number of theoretical views which may be useful in clarifying why the abuse has taken place. The female view believes that sex and family roles give approval to a culture of abuse. Considering the historical and fixed ideas, men have power and control. In James’ case he lives in a re-constructed family with the father being rude and a heavy drinker. From a psychological angle, alcohol misuse can bring mental health problems which may increase aggression in the person and so James is more at risk from abuse by his stepfather. The relationship between the mother and James involves a dependency of James on his mother. With other problems in James’ mother’s life, this leads to increasing stress and the inability of his mother to cope with and manage a family with four children borne by two mothers. The attachment theory states that significant separations of a child from the carer in the early years can have an effect on their emotional development and can lead to psychological and social difficulties in later life. The loss of both his father and his half sister’s father with whom he lives may have contributed to his behaviour.

Abusive behaviour can sometimes be the result of mental health problems, brain damage or being abused themselves. By becoming the abuser they believe they are taking control; some even believe that they are not doing anything wrong and cannot stop themselves. When working with individuals who have abused, it is important to be aware that they may go on to abuse again and there is a need to protect the community from the abuser.

72. Which of the following is closest in meaning to the underlined word “bruises” in Paragraph 1?

A. Slight injury　　　 B. Deep Cut　　　 C. Body disability　　 D. Inner wound

73. According to the writer’s case study, which of the following cases can be defined as abuse?

A. A father scolds his son because he doesn’t pass the exam in school.

B. A car knocks down a woman but the driver doesn’t take her to hospital.

C. A father never talks to his daughter and shows no interest in what she does.

D. A husband is angry with his wife when she stays out late into the night.

74. From the passage we can infer that ______________.

A. James’ step father doesn’t show any concern for his mother

B. James’ mother gave birth to a girl in the re-constructed family

C. James’ stepfather is rude to all the children in the family

D. James’ mother loves her husband more than her own son

75. Which of the following can best serve as the title of the passage?

A. Categories of Abuse　　　　　　 B. How to Prevent Abuse

C. Abuse and Its Causes　　　　　 D. Effects Caused by Abuse

This morning, a Virgin Atantin 747 Jumbo Jet became the first commercial airplane to fly on biofuel. The short flight from London to Amsterdam used a blend of 20% babassu(棕榈) oil mixed with 80% conventional jet fuel.

What was really exciting about the flight was the fact that the engine did not have to be altered in any way for the biofuel to work While this is a great initial step in trying to reduce CO₂(carbon-dioxide)emissions(排放)from airplanes. there are a lot of hurdles (障碍)that still need to be overcome.

First and foremost, unlike the normal fuel used to run airplanes (known as Jet A),biofuel freezes at high altitudes. Also, Jet‘A’fuel burns consistently (at the same pace),which means it provides a safe and reliable fuel for long flights--engineers are not sure if biofuel will be able to do the same.

The biggest hurdle to a full biofuel switch is our ability to be able to grow enough crops that can be converted to biofuel. There are two concerns that scientists have in this matter – the first is thatthe land to grow the extra crops will come from clearing more of our forests and the second is that since it competes with what we eat, the price of food will go up.

However, Richard Branson of Virgin Airlines, envisions that if biofuel starts to replace oil on a greater basis, it will be manufactured from algae（藻类）produced in sewage treatment plants, not from food sources.

Birgin Airlines is not the only one trying to look for alternative fuel sources. Earlier this year, an Airbus A380 used another alternative fuel－a man-made mix of gas-to-liquid, in one of its four engines. The flight was tested by Rolls Royce (manufacturer of jet engines), in partnership with Shell (an oil company). Rolls Royce is also working with Air New Zealand on a similar project.

While a complete switch to alternative fuel may take years, it is very encouraging to see airlines, oil companies and airplane manufacturers all coming together to try to make it happen!

71．Why does Virgin Airlines try to replace normal fuel with biofuel?

　　　 A．To cut down the flight cost of the company.

B．To remove some hurdles for the biofuel to work.

　　　 C．To reduce CO₂ emissions from airplanes.　　

D．To test plane engines on biofuel.

72．Which is NOT true for a full biofuel switch of airplanes?

　　　 A Biofuel cannot run for long flights.　　　　　　　　　

B．Biofuel cannot work at high altitudes.

　　　 C．Man has not enough land to grow extra crops for biofuel.

D．It’s not easy for sewage treatment plants to manufacture biofuel.

73．One of the hurdles to be overcome for a full biofuel switch is to　　　　　 .

　　　 A．alter the engine for airplanes　　　　

B．make biofuel burn consistently

　　　 C．open more land to grow more crops　

D．develop sewage treatment plants

74．We can infer from the last paragraph that　　　　　 .

　　　 A．there is a long way to go for a complete switch to alternative fuel　

B．it won’t be long before alternative fuel comes into use

　　　 C．airlines, oil companies and airplane manufacturers are reliable　　

D．alternative fuel has a bright future

75．Which of the following can best serves as the title of this passage?

　　　 A．Biofuel-Alternative Fuel Sources.　　　　　　　

B．The First Commercial Flight Powered by Biofuel.

　　　 C．How to Reduce CO₂ Emissions from Airplanes.　

D．Vigin Airlines Trying to Alter Fuel Sources.