阅读理解

　　The literal meaning of philosophy is “love of wisdom”．But this meaning does not tell us very much．Unlike the other discilines(学科), philosopjy cannot e defined by what you study , because it si actually unlimited．Anything can be the subject matter of philosophy：are, history, law, language, literature, mathematics, and in fact, the other academic disciplines are directly related to philosopkhy．For this reason you get a Doctorate(博士学位)of Philosoophy(Ph．D．)in biochemisty, or computer science, or psychology．

　　Two broad sub-fields of philosophy are logic and the history of philosophy．Logic is the science of argument and eritical thinkging．It provides sound methods for distinguishing good from bad reasonign．The history of philosopjy involives the study of major philosophers and perrsiad in the development of philosophy．

　　Of what use is philosophy? First it is useful in educational advancemet．It is necessary for undesrtanding other disciplines．Only philosopjy questiong the nature of the concepts used in a discipline, and its relatin to other disco[;omes．And throught the stdy of philosophy, one develops sound methods of research and analysis that can be applied to any field．

　　There are a number of gengral uses of philosophy．It strengthens one’s ability to solve problesm, to communieate, to organize ideas and issues, to presuade, and to takewhat is the most important form a large quamity of data．These general uses are of great benefit in the career firld, not necessarily ofr boutaining onej’s first job after graduation , but for preparing for posttions of responsibility, managemetn and leadershin later on．It is very shor sihte after all, to take a course of studies only for the purpose of getting one’s first job．The useful skills developed throught the study of philosophy hav significang long-term benefits in canreer advancement．No other discipline systematically follows the ideals of wisdom, leadership, and capacity to reasolve human conflict．

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阅读理解

　　TODAY, Friday, November 12

　　JAZZ with the Mike Thomas Jazz Band at The Derby Arms．Upper Richmond Road West, Sheen．

　　DISCO Satin Sounds Disco．Free at The Lord Napier, Mort lake High St．, from 8a．m．to 8p.m. Tel：682－1158．

　　SATURDAY, November 13

　　JAZZ Lysis at The Bull’s Head, Barnes．Admission 60p．

　　MUSICAL HALL at The Star and Garter, Lower Richmond Road, Putney, provided by the Aba Daba Music Hall company．Good food and entertainment fair price．Tel：789－6749．

　　FAMILY night out?Join the sing-along at The Black Horse．Sheen Road, Richmond．

　　JAZZ The John Bennett Big Band at The Bull’s Head, Barnes．Admission 80p．

　　THE DERBY ARMS, Upper Richmond Road West, give you Joe on the electric accordion．Tel：789－4536

　　SUNDAY, November 14

　　DISCO Satin Sounds Disco, free at The Lord Napier, Mort Lake High Street, from 8 a.m. to 8 p.m．

　　FOLK MUSIC at The Derby Arms．The Short Stuff and residents the Norman Chop Trio．Non-remembers 70p．Tel：688－4626．

　　HEAVY MUSIC with Tony Simon at The Bull, Upper Richmond Road West, East Sheen．

　　THE DERBY ARMS, Upper Richmond Road West, give you Joe on the electric accordion．

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阅读理解

　　Leaving a tip in a restaurant has become a custom in most countries．The word“tip”came from the Latin word“Gratis”, meaning free．Tips are defined as small gifts of money for service in addition to the payment due．

　　Believe it or not, the practice of tipping has an interesting history．The custom can be traced back to the Roman era．The Romans were the first civilization to use coins．It is possible that the word“tip”came from the word stipend．Stipend in Latin means gift．A more common belief is tips were first given in 18th century England．A popular coffee house equipped each table with a coin box．The label on each box read,“To Insure Promptness”．Dropping a coin into the box would result in quick service．Also, the first letter of each word spells T．I．P．-tip．

　　In America and Europe it is customary to tip anything from 10% to 20%．Taxi drivers, waiters in restaurants, waitresses in lounges, hotel boys, doormen, and disco coat check girls, all expect a little something．People working at these jobs usually receive a low basic salary, Tips are quite necessary to supplement their income．Today most people decide the size of tip according to the quality of the service．If the service and food are not satisfactory, a small tip or possibly no tip will be left．For excellent food and service most people are quite happy to leave a tip．

　　The world is full of big spenders and people who act like big spenders．Surprisingly, rich people are not“big tippers”unless entertaining guests．It is no use showing off if nobody is there to watch, right?Many throw money around like water to impress a group of friends out an evening“on the town”．People who usually cannot afford it are the biggest tippers in front of their friends．It is all part of the show to prove a certain level of social success．Nobody wants to look cheap, stingy, or poor in front of their friends．Or tipping also gives some satisfaction just to see the waiter’s reaction．

　　For, whatever reason, tipping will continue to be practiced in most countries．Tipping does have its place in our modern society．It will also remain a somewhat personal expression of gratitude．

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