阅读理解

　　Of all the fish we catch in the world, we eat only three quarters of it. The rest goes to glue(胶水), soap, margarine(人造黄油), pet food and fertilizer.

　　Fishermen usually freeze fish they catch at sea. Back in port, they defrost(除冻) the fish, make the fish have no bones in and sell it as fresh fish.

　　Over ninety-five percent of fish caught is in the northern hemisphere. Thus, only about five percent of all fish caught is from south of the equator.

　　The Japanese are the world champion fish eaters. They eat twice as much fish as the Scandinavians, and five times as much as the Americans. The Russian sturgeon(鲟鱼) is the most expensive fish in the world. The eggs of the sturgeon are called caviar(鲟鱼籽).

1．What do we do with the fish we catch in the world?

[　　]

A．We eat all the fish we catch.

B．We use some of it to make pet food and fertilizer.

C．We do not use 25% of it.

D．We freeze all the fish we catch.

2．We catch most fish ________.

[　　]

A．south of the equator

B．on or just north of the equator

C．in the northern part of the earth

D．in the southern hemisphere

3．In the second paragraph, the word“defrost”means ________.

[　　]

A．make the fish dead

B．make the fish alive

C．make the fish become unfrozen

D．make the fish clean

4．Which of the following statements is correct according to the passage?

[　　]

A．Americans eat five times as much fish as the Scandinavians.

B．Scandinavians eat five times as much fish as the Americans.

C．Japanese eat more fish only than the Americans and Scandinavians in the world.

D．The Americans don’t eat so much fish as the Japanese.

5．The best title for this passage is ________.

[　　]

A．Fishing

B．Fish

C．Fish and Ocean

D．Fish and Japanese

完形填空

　　In the past, 1 didn't have to think about the protection of his environment. There used to 2 few people on the earth, and natural resources 3 to be unlimited.

　　Now things are 4 . The world has become too crowded. We are using our natural materials too quickly. At the same time, we keep 5 our environment with dangerous chemicals. Dustbins fill up with cans and bottles that once 6 beer or paint or coffee or coca－cola. Here and there people are always throwing away wrappings from food or clothes and all kinds of unwanted things, some of 7 are difficult to 8 .

　　 9 modern fishing methods, more and more fish are caught. Fish 10 at sea so that fishing boats do not have to return home quickly with their catch, and can fish farther from the coasts. Fishermen even use 11 to give themselves 12 about where the fish are. If too many fish 13 from the sea, there will soon be 14 left. On the other hand, rivers and seas are polluted with waste products from factories. There are 15 laws to stop this.

　　We know if too many trees are cut down, forests will disappear and nothing will grow on the land. Yet, we continue to use bigger and 16 machines to cut down more and more trees. We know too if the population of the world continues to 17 at the present rate, in a short period of time there will not be enough food.

　　What shall we do?

　　If we eat more vegetables and less meat, there will be more food for everyone. Land that is used to grow crops feeds five times more people than land where animals 18 . We must practise 19 our natural resources to make them 20 longer. And birth control is probably the most important thing for a better and richer planet in the future.

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When prehistoric man arrived in new parts of the world, something strong happened to the large animals; they suddenly became extinct. Smaller species survived; the large, slow-growing animals were easy game, and were quickly hunted to extinction. 
Now something similar could be happening in the oceans. That the seas are being over-fished has been known for years and researchers such as Ransom Myers and Boris Worm have shown how fast things are changing. They have looked at half a century of data from fisheries around the world. Their methods do not attempt to estimate the actual biomass (the amount of living biological matter) of fish species in particular parts of the ocean, but rather changes in that biomass over time. According to their latest paper published in Nature, the biomass of large predators (animals that kill and eat other animals) inanes fishery is reduced on average by 80% within 15 years of the start of exploitation. In some long-fished areas, it has halved again since then.
Dr. Worm acknowledges that these figures are conservative (保守的). One reason for this is that fishing technology has improved. Today’s vessels can find their prey using satellites and sonar, which were not available 50 years ago. That means a higher proportion of what is in the sea is being caught, so the real difference between present and past is likely to be worse than the one recorded by changes in catch sizes. In the early days, too, longlines would have been more saturated with fish. Some individuals would therefore not have been caught, since baited hooks would have been available to trap them, leading to an underestimate of fish stocks in the past. Furthermore, in the early days of longline fishing, a lot of fish were lost to sharks after they had been hooked. That is no longer a problem, because there are fewer sharks around noise.
Dr. Myers and Dr. Worm argue that their work gives a correct baseline, which future management efforts must take into account. They believe the date support an idea current among marine biologists, that of the “shifting baseline”. The notion is that people have failed to detect the massive changes which have happened in the ocean because they have been looking back only a relatively short time into the past. That matters because theory suggests that the maximum sustainable yield that can be cropped from a fishery comes when the biomass of a target species is about 50% of its original levels. Most fisheries are well below that, which is a bad way to do business.
【小题1】The aim of the extinction of large prehistoric animals is to suggest that _______.

When prehistoric man arrived in new parts of the world, something strong happened to the large animals; they suddenly became extinct. Smaller species survived; the large, slow-growing animals were easy game, and were quickly hunted to extinction. 
Now something similar could be happening in the oceans. That the seas are being over-fished has been known for years and researchers such as Ransom Myers and Boris Worm have shown how fast things are changing. They have looked at half a century of data from fisheries around the world. Their methods do not attempt to estimate the actual biomass (the amount of living biological matter) of fish species in particular parts of the ocean, but rather changes in that biomass over time. According to their latest paper published in Nature, the biomass of large predators (animals that kill and eat other animals) inanes fishery is reduced on average by 80% within 15 years of the start of exploitation. In some long-fished areas, it has halved again since then.
Dr. Worm acknowledges that these figures are conservative (保守的). One reason for this is that fishing technology has improved. Today’s vessels can find their prey using satellites and sonar, which were not available 50 years ago. That means a higher proportion of what is in the sea is being caught, so the real difference between present and past is likely to be worse than the one recorded by changes in catch sizes. In the early days, too, longlines would have been more saturated with fish. Some individuals would therefore not have been caught, since baited hooks would have been available to trap them, leading to an underestimate of fish stocks in the past. Furthermore, in the early days of longline fishing, a lot of fish were lost to sharks after they had been hooked. That is no longer a problem, because there are fewer sharks around noise.
Dr. Myers and Dr. Worm argue that their work gives a correct baseline, which future management efforts must take into account. They believe the date support an idea current among marine biologists, that of the “shifting baseline”. The notion is that people have failed to detect the massive changes which have happened in the ocean because they have been looking back only a relatively short time into the past. That matters because theory suggests that the maximum sustainable yield that can be cropped from a fishery comes when the biomass of a target species is about 50% of its original levels. Most fisheries are well below that, which is a bad way to do business

1. 1.

   The aim of the extinction of large prehistoric animals is to suggest that _______

   1. A.
      large animal were not easy to survive in the changing environment
   2. B.
      small species survived as large animals disappeared
   3. C.
      large sea animals may face the same threat today
   4. D.
      Slow-growing fish outlive fast-growing ones
2. 2.

   We can infer from Dr Myers and Dr. Worm’s paper that _______

   1. A.
      the stock of large predators in some old fisheries has reduced by 90%
   2. B.
      there are only half as many fisheries are there were 15 years ago
   3. C.
      the catch sizes in new fisheries are only 20% of the original amount
   4. D.
      the number of larger predators dropped faster in new fisheries than in the old
3. 3.

   By saying these figures are conservative (line 1, paragraph 3), Dr worm means that_______

   1. A.
      fishing technology has improved rapidly
   2. B.
      then catch-sizes are actually smaller then recorded
   3. C.
      the marine biomass has suffered a greater loss
   4. D.
      the date collected so far are out of date
4. 4.

   Dr Myers and other researchers hold that _______

   1. A.
      people should look for a baseline that can’t work for a longer time
   2. B.
      fisheries should keep the yield below 50% of the biomass
   3. C.
      the ocean biomass should restore its original level
   4. D.
      people should adjust the fishing baseline to changing situation
5. 5.

   The author seems to be mainly concerned with most fisheries’ _______

   1. A.
      management efficiency
   2. B.
      biomass level
   3. C.
      catch-size limits
   4. D.
      technological application