Teaching was the first profession open to women soon after 1800. But even that was not an easy profession for women to enter because most schools and colleges were open only to men. Oberlin Colleges in Ohio was the first college in America to accept women.

Hospital nursing became respectable work for women only after Nightingale became famous. Seeing that she was not only a nurse but also a rich and well-educated woman, people began to believe it was possible for women to nurse the sick and still be “ladies”. Miss Nightingale opened England's first school for nurses in 1860.

The invention of the typewriter in 1867 helped to bring women out of the home and into the business world. By 1900, thousands of women were working at real jobs in schools, hospitals, and offices, in both England and America. Some women even managed to become doctors or lawyers. The idea that women could work in the business world had been accepted.

　　 1. Why couldn't women become teachers easily?

　　    A. Because the first profession to them was writing.

　　    B. Because most schools and colleges were open only to men.

　　    C. Because they wanted to be nurses instead.

　　    D. Because they had to work in the business world.

　　 2. Which of the following is TRUE?

　　　　 A. The first typewriter was invented 1970's.

　　　　 B. All nurses are rich and well-known women.

　　　　 C. People's ideas about women's work have changed.

　　　　 D.  Most women in America are doctors or lawyers.

　　 3. The passage is mainly about——.

　　　　 A. women in the business world　　 B. the famous women in the business world

　　　　 C. schools and colleges in America　　   D. rights for American women

　　 4. We can infer from the passage that——.

　　　　 A. a man can't type

　　　　 B. the first college that accepted women was Oberlin College in Ohio

　　　　 C. Bronte sisters had pennames when they began writing their novels

　　　　 D. a woman can do all kinds of work better than a man

As late as 1800, women's only place was in the home. The idea of women in the business world was unthinkable. Men were certain that no woman could do a job outside her home. This was such a widely accepted idea that when the well known Bronte sisters began writing books in 1846, they had to sign their books with men's names instead.

Teaching was the first profession open to women soon after 1800. But even that was not an easy profession for women to enter because most schools and colleges were open only to men. Oberlin Colleges in Ohio was the first college in America to accept women.

Hospital nursing became respectable work for women only after Nightingale became famous. Seeing that she was not only a nurse but also a rich and well-educated woman, people began to believe it was possible for women to nurse the sick and still be “ladies”. Miss Nightingale opened England's first school for nurses in 1860.

The invention of the typewriter in 1867 helped to bring women out of the home and into the business world. By 1900, thousands of women were working at real jobs in schools, hospitals, and offices, in both England and America. Some women even managed to become doctors or lawyers. The idea that women could work in the business world had been accepted.

　　 1. Why couldn't women become teachers easily?

　　    A. Because the first profession to them was writing.

　　    B. Because most schools and colleges were open only to men.

　　    C. Because they wanted to be nurses instead.

　　    D. Because they had to work in the business world.

　　 2. Which of the following is TRUE?

　　　　 A. The first typewriter was invented 1970's.

　　　　 B. All nurses are rich and well-known women.

　　　　 C. People's ideas about women's work have changed.

　　　　 D.  Most women in America are doctors or lawyers.

　　 3. The passage is mainly about——.

　　　　 A. women in the business world　　 B. the famous women in the business world

　　　　 C. schools and colleges in America　　   D. rights for American women

　　 4. We can infer from the passage that——.

　　　　 A. a man can't type

　　　　 B. the first college that accepted women was Oberlin College in Ohio

　　　　 C. Bronte sisters had pennames when they began writing their novels

　　　　 D. a woman can do all kinds of work better than a man

By the mid-nineteenth century, the term "icebox" had entered the American language, but ice was still only beginning to affect the diet of ordinary citizens in the United States. The ice trade grew with the growth of cities. Ice was used in hotels, taverns(酒馆), and hospitals, and by some forward-looking city dealers in fresh meat, fresh fish, and butter. After the Civil War (1861-1865), as ice was used to refrigerate freight cars, it also came into household use. Even before 1880, half of the ice sold in New York, Philadelphia, and Baltimore, and one-third of that sold in Boston and Chicago, went to families for their own use. This had become possible because a new household convenience, the icebox, a precursor (前身) of the modern fridge, had been invented.
Making an efficient icebox as not as easy as we might now suppose. In the early nineteenth century, the knowledge of the physics of heat, which was essential to a science of refrigeration, was rudimentary(未发展的). The commonsense notion that the best icebox was one that prevented the ice from melting was of course mistaken, for it was the melting of the ice that performed the cooling. Nevertheless, early efforts to economize ice included wrapping up the ice in blankets, which kept the ice from doing its job. Not until near the end of the nineteenth century did inventors achieve the delicate balance of insulation(绝缘) and circulation needed for an efficient icebox.
But as early as 1803, and ingenious Maryland farmer, Thomas Moore, had been on the right track. He owned a farm about twenty miles outside the city of Washington, for which the village of Georgetown was the market center. When he used an icebox of his own design to transport his butter to market, he found that customers would pass up the rapidly melting stuff in the tubs of his competitors to pay a premium price(高价) for his butter, still fresh and hard in neat, one-pound bricks. One advantage of his icebox, Moore explained, was that farmers would no longer have to travel to market at night in order to keep their produce cool.

1. 1.

   Where was ice used after the Civil War?

   1. A.
      In refrigerating freight cars and households.
   2. B.
      In hotels, taverns and hospitals
   3. C.
      In families of New York, Philadelphia, and Baltimore.
   4. D.
      In fresh meat, fish and butter by city dealers.
2. 2.

   What was essential to to make an icebox efficient according to the passage?

   1. A.
      Keeping the ice from melting
   2. B.
      Knowledge of the physics of heat.
   3. C.
      Balance of insulation and circulation
   4. D.
      Making efforts to reduce the use of ice
3. 3.

   The second paragraph is mainly about_____

   1. A.
      the deveopment of icebox
   2. B.
      the theoretical foundation of icebox
   3. C.
      the wrong ideas about icebox
   4. D.
      the way of using icebox
4. 4.

   What can we infer from the text?

   1. A.
      Thomas Moore is the inventor of modern fridge
   2. B.
      The butter produced by Thomas Moored is better in quality than other famers’
   3. C.
      Knowledge of the physics of heat plays an important part in inventing a good icebox
   4. D.
      Before 1880, most of the sold ice was used for family use.
5. 5.

   Without an ice box, farmers had to go to the market at night ________.

   1. A.
      to sell their produce at high price
   2. B.
      to go home earlier
   3. C.
      to keep their produce fresh
   4. D.
      to win more customers than their competitors

By the mid-nineteenth century, the term "icebox" had entered the American language, but ice was still only beginning to affect the diet of ordinary citizens in the United States. The ice trade grew with the growth of cities. Ice was used in hotels, taverns(酒馆), and hospitals, and by some forward-looking city dealers in fresh meat, fresh fish, and butter. After the Civil War (1861-1865), as ice was used to refrigerate freight cars, it also came into household use. Even before 1880, half of the ice sold in New York, Philadelphia, and Baltimore, and one-third of that sold in Boston and Chicago, went to families for their own use. This had become possible because a new household convenience, the icebox, a precursor (前身) of the modern fridge, had been invented.
　　Making an efficient icebox as not as easy as we might now suppose. In the early nineteenth century, the knowledge of the physics of heat, which was essential to a science of refrigeration, was rudimentary(未发展的). The commonsense notion that the best icebox was one that prevented the ice from melting was of course mistaken, for it was the melting of the ice that performed the cooling. Nevertheless, early efforts to economize ice included wrapping up the ice in blankets, which kept the ice from doing its job. Not until near the end of the nineteenth century did inventors achieve the delicate balance of insulation(绝缘) and circulation needed for an efficient icebox.
　　But as early as 1803, and ingenious Maryland farmer, Thomas Moore, had been on the right track. He owned a farm about twenty miles outside the city of Washington, for which the village of Georgetown was the market center. When he used an icebox of his own design to transport his butter to market, he found that customers would pass up the rapidly melting stuff in the tubs of his competitors to pay a premium price(高价) for his butter, still fresh and hard in neat, one-pound bricks. One advantage of his icebox, Moore explained, was that farmers would no longer have to travel to market at night in order to keep their produce cool.
【小题1】Where was ice used after the Civil War?