摘要: with such a hard task, we must dare to make revolution.

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Bruce Alberts, the former President of the National Academies (USA), has now taken over as Editor-in Chief of Science. Judging by his editorial in this week’s issue Considering Science Education there could be some interesting times ahead in Science offices.
Here’s part of what Bruce has to say about science education…
I consider science education to be critically important to both science and the world, and I shall frequently deal with this topic on this page. Let’s start with a big-picture view. Science has greatly advanced our understanding of the natural world and has enabled the creation of countless medicines and useful devices. It has also led to behaviors that have improved lives. The public appreciates these practical benefits of science, and science and scientists are generally respected, even by those who are not familiar with how science works or what exactly it has discovered.
But society may less appreciate the advantage of having everyone acquire the ways of thinking and behaving that are central to practice of successful science: scientific habits of mind. These habits include a critical attitude toward established claims and a strong desire for logic and evidence. As famous astronomer Carl Sagan put it, science is our best detector (检测器). Individuals and societies clearly need a means to logically test the constant clever attempts to operate our purchasing and political decisions. They also need to challenge what is unreasonable, including the intolerance that led to so many regional and global conflicts.
So how does this relate of science education? Might it be possible to encourage, across the world, scientific habits of mind, so as to create more rational (理性的) societies everywhere? In principle, a strong expansion of science education could provide the world with such an opportunity, but only if scientists, educators, and policy-makers redefine (重新定义) the goals of science education, beginning with college-level teaching. Rather than only conveying what science has discovered about the natural world, as is done now in most countries, we should provide first all students with the knowledge and practice of how to think like a scientist.
【小题1】 Which of the following is NOT included in the “scientific habits of mind”?

A.A critical attitude toward established claims.B.A strong desire for logic.
C.A clever and active mind.D.A strong desire for evidence.
【小题2】 What does the underlined phrase “such an opportunity” refer to in the last paragraph?
A.To create more rational societies everywhere.
B.To relate decision-making to science education.
C.To encourage science education around the world.
D.To set right goals of science education.
【小题3】In Bruce Alberts’ opinion, which is the most important in science education?
A.Offering all students enough practice to drill their mind.
B.Equipping all students with a thinking model of a scientist.
C.Telling students what science has discovered about the natural world.
D.Advising all students to challenge all established scientific achievements.
【小题4】Which of the following would be the best title for this passage?
A.Bruce Alberts, a great science educator
B.Science education and world peace
C.The government and science education
D.Bruce Alberts’ opinion on science education

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Decision-making under Stress
A new review based on a research shows that acute stress affects the way the brain considers the advantages and disadvantages, causing it to focus on pleasure and ignore the possible negative (负面的) consequences of a decision.
The research suggests that stress may change the way people make choices in predictable ways.
“Stress affects how people learn,” says Professor Mara Mather. “People learn better about positive than negative outcomes under stress.”
For example, two recent studies looked at how people learned to connect images(影像) with either rewards or punishments. In one experiment, some of the participants were first stressed by having to give a speech and do difficult math problems in front of an audience; in the other, some were stressed by having to keep their hands in ice water. In both cases, the stressed participants remembered the rewarded material more accurately and the punished material less accurately than those who hadn’t gone through the stress.
This phenomenon is likely not surprising to anyone who has tried to resist eating cookies or smoking a cigarette while under stress –at those moments, only the pleasure associated with such activities comes to mind. But the findings further suggest that stress may bring about a double effect. Not only are rewarding experiences remembered better, but negative consequences are also less easily recalled.
The research also found that stress appears to affect decision-making differently in men and women. While both men and women tend to focus on rewards and less on consequences under stress, their responses to risk turn out to be different.
Men who had been stressed by the cold-water task tended to take more risks in the experiment while women responded in the opposite way. In stressful situations in which risk-taking can pay off big, men may tend to do better, when caution weighs more, however, women will win.
This tendency to slow down and become more cautious when decisions are risky might also help explain why women are less likely to become addicted than men: they may more often avoid making the risky choices that eventually harden into addiction.
【小题1】We can learn from the passage that people under pressure tend to ______.

A.keep rewards better in their memory
B.recall consequences more effortlessly
C.make risky decisions more frequently
D.learn a subject more effectively
【小题2】According to the research, stress affects people most probably in their ______.
A.ways of making choicesB.preference for pleasure
C.tolerance of punishmentsD.responses to suggestions
【小题3】The research has proved that in a stressful situation, ______.
A.women find it easier to fall into certain habits
B.men have a greater tendency to slow down
C.women focus more on outcomes
D.men are more likely to take risks

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Think for a moment about the teachers you have had at school or at university.  Which one did you like best?  And Why?  Were the teachers you liked best also the ones who were the best teachers, in you opinion?  Before you read any further, consider for a minute the qualities that make a teacher outstanding(出色).
Some very common answers to this question are that teachers need to love their students, that they need to have an expert knowledge of their subjects, and that they should devote themselves completely to their jobs.  All of these ideas are, of course, true to a certain extent(程度)but they are perhaps a little too simple.
It is impossible for anyone to love everyone they know, and teachers deal with a very large number of students over the years.  On the other hand, teachers should certainly be able to make their students feel that they are interested in them as people and in the development of both their characters.  A deep knowledge on to the students effectively-a teacher needs to be trained in the skills of teaching.  These skills include how to control a class, and so on.  Finally, teachers have to devote a lot of time and energy to their work, of course.  However, they are also models that their students must follow;  so it is important that they should be well-balanced people with interests outside their school work-family, friends, hobbies, etc.  A teacher who only lives for work is likely to become too narrow-minded.
1. The author suggests that you think about the teachers you have had at school or at university so that_______
A. you might praise outstanding teachers
B. you might know the qualities of outstanding teachers
C. you might select outstanding teachers
D. you might learn from outstanding teachers
2. The author does not consider it possible for a teacher_______
A. to love all the students he has taught or is teaching
B. to have a good knowledge of the subject he teaches
C. to pass the knowledge of his subjects on to his students effectively
D. to be an example for his students to follow
3. A well - balanced person is one_______.
A. who devotes all his time and energy to his work
B. who devotes most of his time and energy to his family, friend, hobbies, etc
C. who has interests both in and outside his work
D. who has interests neither in nor outside his work
4. From the passage, we can conclude that_______.
A. most teachers are born with such skills as how to explain a lesson clearly
B. it is not necessary of teachers to spend much time and energy on their work if they do have an expert knowledge of their subjects
C. teachers should be trained to love all the students they are teaching or have taught
D. even if a teacher has a good knowledge of his subjects, he can not be a good teacher if he doesn’t have the ability to pass that knowledge on to his students.

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