Several recent studies have found that being randomly (随机地) assigned to a roommate of another race can lead to increased tolerance but also to a greater likelihood (可能性)of conflict.
Recent reports found that lodging with a student of a different race may decrease prejudice and cause students to engage in more ethnically diverse friendships.
An Ohio State University study also found that black students living with a white roommate saw higher academic success throughout their college careers. Researchers believe this may be caused by social pressure.
In a New York Times article, Sam Boakye – the only black student on his freshman year floor -said that "if you're surrounded by whites, you have something to prove."
Researchers also observed problems resulting from pairing interracial students in residences.
According to two recent studies, randomly assigned roommates of different races are more likely to experience conflicts so strained that one roommate will move out.
An Indiana University study found that interracial roommates were three times as likely as two white roommates to no longer live together by the end of the semester.
Grace Kao, a professor at Penn said she was not surprised by the findings. "This may be the first time that some of these students have interacted, and lived, with someone of a different race," she said.
At Penn, students are not asked to indicate race when applying for housing.
"One of the great things about freshman housing is that, with some exceptions, the process throws you together randomly," said Undergraduate Assembly chairman Alec Webley. "This is the definition of integration."
"I've experienced roommate conflicts between interracial students that have both broken down stereotypes（老一套，模式） and reinforced stereotypes," said one Penn resident advisor (RA). The RA of two years added that while some conflicts "provided more multicultural acceptance and melding (融合)," there were also "jarring（不和谐的）cultural confrontations（对抗）."
The RA said that these conflicts have also occurred among roommates of the same race.
Kao said she cautions against forming any generalizations based on any one of the studies, noting that more background characteristics of the students need to be studied and explained.
【小题1】What can we learn from some recent studies?

Several recent studies have found that being randomly (随机地) assigned to a roommate of another race can lead to increased tolerance but also to a greater likelihood (可能性)of conflict.

Recent reports found that lodging with a student of a different race may decrease prejudice and cause students to engage in more ethnically diverse friendships.

An Ohio State University study also found that black students living with a white roommate saw higher academic success throughout their college careers. Researchers believe this may be caused by social pressure.

In a New York Times article, Sam Boakye – the only black student on his freshman year floor -said that "if you're surrounded by whites, you have something to prove."

Researchers also observed problems resulting from pairing interracial students in residences.

According to two recent studies, randomly assigned roommates of different races are more likely to experience conflicts so strained that one roommate will move out.

An Indiana University study found that interracial roommates were three times as likely as two white roommates to no longer live together by the end of the semester.

Grace Kao, a professor at Penn said she was not surprised by the findings. "This may be the first time that some of these students have interacted, and lived, with someone of a different race," she said.

At Penn, students are not asked to indicate race when applying for housing.

"One of the great things about freshman housing is that, with some exceptions, the process throws you together randomly," said Undergraduate Assembly chairman Alec Webley. "This is the definition of integration."

"I've experienced roommate conflicts between interracial students that have both broken down stereotypes（老一套，模式） and reinforced stereotypes," said one Penn resident advisor (RA). The RA of two years added that while some conflicts "provided more multicultural acceptance and melding (融合)," there were also "jarring（不和谐的）cultural confrontations（对抗）."

The RA said that these conflicts have also occurred among roommates of the same race.

Kao said she cautions against forming any generalizations based on any one of the studies, noting that more background characteristics of the students need to be studied and explained.

1.What can we learn from some recent studies?

A．Conflicts between students of different races are unavoidable.

B．Students of different races are prejudiced against each other.

C．Interracial lodging does more harm than good.

D．Interracial lodging may have diverse outcomes.

2.What does Sam Boakye's remark mean?

A．White students tend to look down upon their black peers.

B．Black students can compete with their white peers academically.

C．Black students feel somewhat embarrassed among white peers during the freshman year.

D．Being surrounded by white peers motivates a black student to work harder to succeed.

3.What does the Indiana University study show?

A．Interracial roommates are more likely to fall out.

B．Few white students like sharing a room with a black peer.

C．Roommates of different races just don't get along.

D．Assigning students' lodging randomly is not a good policy.

4.What does Alec Webley consider to be the "definition of integration"?

A．Students of different races are required to share a room.

B．Interracial lodging is arranged by the school for freshmen.

C．Lodging is assigned to students of different races without exception.

D．The school randomly assigns roommates without regard to race.

5.What does Grace Kao say about interracial lodging?

A．It is unscientific to make generalizations about it without further study.

B．Schools should be cautious when making decisions about student lodging.

C．Students' racial background should be considered before lodging is assigned.

D．Experienced resident advisors should be assigned to handle the problems.

阅读理解

　　Turn on your television set to CCTV-1 and what do you find? It's Shui Junyi, a well-known TV reporter, bringing you the latest news on the war in Iraq.

　　Shui left Baghdad on March 19, a day before the US-led war against Iraq broke out. But, he returned on March 26. Now , as things heat up , it is uncertain at this time just where he will be reporting from.

　　Shui was one of the reporters traveling alone in Iraq. These journalists are not among the more than 500 who are “embedded” （随军的） with US or British troops. The Pentagon （五角大楼，指美国国防部） in Washington has tried to discourage such risky reporting, saying it is too dangerous.

　　However, the journalists say “No” because they want to get a different side of the story. They say they especially hope to give a true report on what is in the mind of ordinary Iraqi people and the results of the shooting and bombing.

　　“If you are embedded, you are surrounded by troops. You can't talk to those ordinary people because they are running away from you ,” said John Donvan , an ABC （ Australian Broadcasting Corporation ） reporter.

　　But these reporters have to face many more dangers than the embedded journalists. For example, there is a greater risk of being attacked by Iraqis, being mistakenly fired upon by troops or getting caught in a crossfire.

　　Already, six journalists have been killed or are reported missing and believed killed in this war. All of them were non-embedded, including a 51-year-old British journalist and a 39-year-old Australian cameraman. Both died while working on March 22.

　　Reporters Without Borders , an organization that defends the interests of journalists around the world , was shocked to learn of the deaths. General secretary （秘书长） Robert Monard said these men have paid a high price for their willingness to report fully on the war in Iraq. The search for true news is a necessary battle to ensure that world reporting can be free of bias（偏见）.

　　During the 1991 Gulf War, four journalists were killed. German photographer Gad Gross was shot by the Iraqi army. And three British journalists covering the war for BBC were killed, possible by their Turkish （土耳其的） guide.

　　The latest deaths add to a long list of journalists killed while doing their job. Between 1992 and 2002, more than 500 journalists were killed throughout the world, almost half of them in wartorn areas.

1．The US-led war against Iraq broke out ________.

[　　]

2．Some war journalists hoped to work independently ________.

[　　]

A．to escape being attacked by Iraqis

B．to give a true report on what was going on in the war

C．because it was very risky to stay with the troops

D．because US or UK troops couldn't accept any more reporters

3．Which can be learned from the news?

[　　]

A．The Pentagon encouraged more reporters to cover the war.

B．Shui Junyi was among the more than 500 journalists embedded with the troops.

C．Few of the ordinary Iraqi people dared talk to US or UK soldiers.

D．The embedded journalists faced more dangers than those who worked alone.

4．Which is true about the journalists who were killed in the wars?

[　　]

A．Six embedded journalists are reported to have been killed or missing in the war.

B．Compared to the past, more journalists were killed in wars in the recent years.

C．More than 250 journalists were killed in the wars around the world between 1992 and 2002.

D．Four journalists were killed during the 1991 Gulf War.