摘要:stand for GNP stands for gross national product. GNP代表国民生产总值. 相关归纳 (1)stand alone孤立,卓越 She stands alone among her classmates. 她同班同学中没有人能跟她相比. (2)stand by 站在一边,旁观,支持 Please remember I’ll stand by you whatever happens. 请记住.无论如何.我都会拥护你. (3)stand out突出,引人注目,杰出 The hat stood out because of its strange shape. 那顶帽子因造型奇特而引人注目. They were all attractive, but she stood out from the others. 她们都很迷人.但是她比其他人更有魅力. ●必背句型

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阅读下列短文,从每题所给的四个选项A、B、C和D中,选出最佳选项。

Language as a System of Symbols

  Of all systems of symbols(符号),language is the most highly developed.It has been pointed out that human beings,by agreement,can make anything stand for anything.Human beings have agreed,in the course of centuries of mutual(相互的)dependency,to let the various noises that they can produce with their lungs,throats,tongues,teeth,and lips systematically stand for certain happenings in their nervous systems.We call that system of agreements language.

  There is no necessary connection between the symbol and that which it stands for.Just as social positions can be symbolized by feathers worn on the head,by gold on the watch chain,or by a thousand other things according to the culture we live in,so the fact of being hungry can be symbolized by a thousand different noises according to the culture we live in.

  However obvious these facts may appear at first glance,they are actually not so obvious as they seem except when we take special pains to think about the subject.Symbols and the things they stand for are independent of each other,yet we all have a way of feeling as if,and sometimes acting as if,there were necessary connections.For example,there are people who feel that foreign languages are unreasonable by nature:foreigners have such funny names for things,and why can't they call things by their right names?This feeling exhibits itself most strongly in those English and American tourists who seem to believe that they can make the natives of any countryunderstand English if they shout loud enough.Like the little boy who is reported to have said:“Pigs are called pigs because they are such dirty animals,”they feel that the symbol is inherently(内在地)connected iff some way with the things symbolized.

(1)

Language is a highly developed system of symbols because human beings ________

[  ]

A.

have made use of language for centuries

B.

use our nervous systems to support language

C.

have made various noises stand for any events

D.

can make anything stand for anything by agreement

(2)

What can we conclude from Paragraph 2?

[  ]

A.

Different noises may mean different things.

B.

Our culture determines what a symbol stands for.

C.

The language we use symbolizes our social positions.

D.

Our social positions determine the way we are dresse.

(3)

In Paragraph 3,“take special pains”probably means“________”

[  ]

A.

try very hard

B.

take our time

C.

are very unhappy

D.

feel especially painful

(4)

The example of the little boy is used to show that ________

[  ]

A.

adults often learn from their young

B.

“pig”is a dirty word because pigs are dirty

C.

words are not connected with the things they stand for

D.

people sometimes have wrong ideas about how language works

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Many everyday American expressions are based on colors.
Red is a hot color. Americans often use it to express heat. They may say they are red hot about something unfair. When they are red hot they are very angry about something. The small hot tasting peppers found in many Mexican foods are called red hots for their color and their fiery taste.
Pink is a lighter kind of color. People sometimes say they are in the pink when they are in good health. It probably comes from the fact that many babies are born with a nice pink color that shows that they are in good health.
Blue is a cool color. The traditional blues music in the United States is the opposite of red hot music. Blues is slow, sad and soulful. Someone who is blue is very sad.
The color green is natural for trees and grass. But it is an unnatural color for humans. A person who has a sick stomach may say he feels a little green. A passenger on a boat who is feeling very sick from high waves may look very green. If a person is green at his job, he may be a newcomer and inexperienced. Sometimes a person may be upset because he does not have something as nice as a friend has, like a new sports car. That person may say he is green with envy. Some people are green with envy because their friend has more dollars.
The color black is used often in expressions. People describe a day in which everything goes wrong as a black day. The date of a major tragedy is remembered as a black day.
【小题1】If a person feels blue, he is _____.

A.annoyedB.depressedC.stressedD.encouraged
【小题2】If someone says “you are still green”, he probably means that _______.
A.you are very youngB.you are in a bad moodC.you are inexperiencedD.you are in good health
【小题3】Which of the following statements is CORRECT according to the passage?
A.After two days’ rest, the soldiers were all in the pink.
B.They had a fierce quarrel so they all felt black about it.
C.David got hurt by a bike so his face looked blue.
D.When we meet something unfair, we feel very green.
【小题4】What’s the main idea of the passage?
A.Different colors have different meanings.
B.What different colors stand for.
C.The story about different colors.
D.Colors used in American expressions.

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What do those countries have in common? People are killing each other or drive others out of their homes. Why is this happening? Very simple, in each of these, one group of people believes another group is different from them and dangerous to them. It has been thus through history. How different are humans from each other?

  We come in different colors: red, black, white, yellow and brown; we have a variety of political systems, social systems, religious views or none at all; We are different in mind, have different educational systems, different economic classes. We speak different languages, and have different customs and dresses.

  If we were to break each of these further, we would have quite a long list of qualities and characteristics that make humans appears to be different from each other. I say they appear to be different, because most of what have been listed stand for what we see or hear, not what is true of human. Man is man everywhere. It is only where he lives, when he lives there, with whom he lives there, and al the others that have effect on how he lives, that is, what he believes, what he wears, his customs, his language and so on. These are man-made facts that each group develops over tome, living together, facing the same problems, needing and desiring the same things. They are his culture. The truth is that we are much more same than different. If you wear one type of clothing and I wear another, we both wear some kind of clothing. Our culture demands it. If you speak one language and I another, we both speak so that others will understand us; we must communicate with each other. Nothing is gained by giving too many differences, but much is lost. If we understood our differences as the ones of culture, then we could make our world more peaceful.

  Differences does not mean better or worse, right or wrong. It means only that differences have been made by society. Differences produce variety of thoughts, work out human problems peacefully.

Which of the following is the best tile for this passage?

 A. Differences.  B. Humans   C. Cultures.   D. Customs.

People in those countries fight each other because______

 A. They have different colors.

 B. They have different customs and dresses.

 C. They have different education systems.

 D. They think that others are different and harmful.

If you pay much attention to differences, ________.

 A. we will get something.

 B. we will produce problem.

 C. we will develop further.

 D. Nothing will be lost.

From this passage it can be inferred that ________.

 A. Our world would be more peaceful if we understand and communicate with each other.

 B. People don’t know how differences are caused.

 C. It is only differences that can solve man’s problems.

 D. Man is man everywhere but not woman.

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For each blank in the following passage there are four words or phrases marked A, B, C and D.  Fill in each blank with the word or phrase that best fits the context.
To advertise effectively today, you must abandon the old-school idea of “reaching the masses”. All advertising is local and personal. The key to effective advertising today is to focus on the   50  .
Some are the   51   ways every advertiser could work out. You can print a specific offer of your goods or service on door-hangers and place them on doorknobs in your area. Door-hangers on doorknobs will produce results in direct   52   about the strength of your offer. If you need to reach the drivers, flyer (宣传单) under windshield (挡风玻璃) wipers may have better effect than door-hangers. Imagine, how   53   if you hire someone to be a walking ad or launch a T-shirt advertising,   54  , you can print your products on T-shirts of your   55  . In the early 1970s “Hamp Baker says Drive with Care” was spray-painted on cars, which was a public service ad. Ever since, spray-painted sign has become more and more   56  .
More grand ways are as follows: virtual showroom. Build a website to   57   a virtual showroom. Use it when people call to ask   58   about your company, your products or your services. Also you can even use an old slide projector to put on a nighttime show. They’re   59   effective, and in the long run, cheap. Nothing is quite as powerful as a public   60   that seizes the public’s attention. You can invite a band to give a performance.
61   , you can hire famous models to show it vividly.
Nothing screams “expert” quite as loudly as a book written about a subject. You simply can’t   62   the power of your name on the cover of a book. You might only sell a few copies online, but the copies you give away in your town will make you a fortune. You won’t make money on the book. You’ll make it because of the book.
Of course, word-of-mouth is the best way to promote your   63  . Friends and past customers recommend your products to their family, friends and colleagues. Word-of-mouth works because the   64  is based on previous positive experiences.
50.   A. content                  B. product                           C. individual               D. style
51.   A. strange                  B. common                         C. amusing                D. perfect
52.   A. description           B. decision                          C. discussion             D. permission
53.   A. stupid                     B. funny                               C. impressive            D. ridiculous
54.   A. that is                   B. first of all                        C. as a result             D. generally speaking
55.   A. customers            B. employers                      C. consumers            D. employees
56.   A. expensive              B. valueless                        C. popular                  D. meaningless
57.   A. refer to                  B. serve as                          C. stand for               D. keep off
58.   A. location                 B. business-hours             C. salary                     D. details
59. A. unbelievably         B. consequently                 C. accidentally          D. occasionally
60.   A. speech                            B. sport                                C. debate                            D. performance
61.   A. For example         B. Moreover                       C. However               D. To be exact
62.   A. create                    B. change                                     C. imagine                 D. overuse
63.   A. production            B. friendship                       C. management       D. business
64.   A. information          B. relationship                   C. pronunciation     D. achievement

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