How Much to Tip

You’re out to dinner. The food is delicious and the service is fine. You decide to leave a big fat tip. Why? The answer may not be as simple as you think.

Tipping, psychologists have found, is not just about service. Instead, studies have shown that tipping can be affected by psychological reactions to a series of different factors from the waiter’s choice of words, to how they carry themselves while taking orders, to the bill’s total. Even how much waiters remind customers of themselves can determine how much change they pocket by the end of the night.

“Studies before have shown that mimicry (模仿) brings into positive feelings for the mimicker,” wrote Rick van Baaren, a social psychology professor. “These studies show that people who are being mimicked become more generous toward the person who mimics them.”

So Rick van Baaren divided 59 waiters into two groups. He requested that half serve with a phrase such as, “Coming up!” Those in the other half were instructed to repeat the orders and preferences back to the customers. Rick van Baaren then compared their take-home. The results were clear — it pays to mimic your customer. The copycat(模仿者) waiters earned almost double the amount of tips to the other group.

Leonard Green and Joel Myerson, psychologists at Washington University in St. Louis, found the generosity of a tipper may be limited by his bill. After research on the 1,000 tips left for waiters, cabdrivers, hair stylists, they found tip percentages in these three areas dropped as customers’ bills went up. In fact, tip percentages appear to plateau (达到稳定水平) when bills topped $100 and a bill for $200 made the worker gain no bigger percentage tip than a bill for $100.

“That’s also a point of tipping,” Green says. “You have to give a little extra to the cab driver for being there to pick you up and something to the waiter for being there to serve you. If they weren’t there, you’d never get any service. So part of the idea of a tip is for just being there.”

1. Apart from service, how many other factors affecting the customers’ tipping are mentioned in the passage?

A. 1.                  B. 2.             C. 3.              D. 4.

2. These studies show that _________.

A. tipping can be affected by physical reactions to many different waiter’s factors

B. people who are being mimicked usually tip less to the person who mimics them

C. the mimic waiters can get almost twice as much money as the other group

D. mimicry makes the mimicker feel bad

3. According to the passage, which of the following will be likely to show the right change of the tip percentages?

A                     B                   C                   D

4. We know from the passage that the writer seems to __________.

A. object to Mr. Green’s idea about tipping

B. think part of Mr. Green’s explanation is reasonable

C. give his generous tip to waiters very often

D. support the opinions of Mr. Green and Rick van Baaren about tipping

IELTS: international English language testing system
Introduction: The IELTS is jointly managed by the University of Cambridge Local Examination Syndicate (剑桥大学考试委员会), the British Council (英国文化委员会) and IDP Education Australia (澳洲教育国际开发署)
Why more and more people are taking the IELTS test?
The IELTS test is widely recognized by the colleges, universities and other academic institutions of Australia, New Zealand, Canada and the United Kingdom. More and more universities and colleges in the US are also accepting an IELTS result as a language requirement for application to degree courses.
IELTS is accepted by many important organizations, such as the New Zealand Immigration Bureau, the Australian Immigration and Cultural Department, the Canadian Immigration Bureau, the Australian Medical Council and the British Medical Association (总会).
Choice of two test types
There are two test models: Academic and General Training. The candidate must select the one suitable to his/here purpose for taking the test.
Academic: for candidates who want to apply for undergraduate or postgraduate courses.
General Training: for candidates who take IELTS for immigration purpose, training programmes, or work experience.
If you have any questions about which type to take, consult the Examinations Services staff at the British Council offices.
Content
The test is composed of four papers: Listening, Reading, Writing and Speaking. The first three papers must be taken at one sitting on one day, and the speaking paper may be taken up to two days later. Usually in China, the Listening paper is taken on a Saturday morning, followed by the Reading paper, and then Writing paper. The Speaking test is usually taken on the Saturday afternoon or on the following Saturday. Candidates must complete all four papers in order to obtain an overall score.
【小题1】How many organizations is IELTS managed by?

   Alex London Research Laboratory (ALRL) is part of Alex Co., Ltd., a major Australian medicine-making company. Opened in 1992, ALRL specialises in the development of new medicines for the treatment of heart diseases．

    A position is now open for a Research Operations Manager(ROM) to support our growing research team at the new laboratories in Hatfield，due to open in the autumn of 2010．

        Reporting to the Director，you will help set up and run the technical and scientific support services of our new laboratories now under construction．You will be expected to provide expert knowledge about and be in charge of all areas of ALRL’S Health and Safety，and to communicate (沟通)with support employees at ALRL’S laboratories based at University College London．Working closely with scientists and other operations and technical employees，you will manage a small number of research support employees providing services to help with the research activities to be carried out at the new laboratories．

    Candidates(申请人) will have experience of both management and research support／technical services．Knowledge of research operations and excellent communication skills are necessary. Education to degree level is also desirable．

    If you are interested in this position，please send your CV(简历)to Alex London Research

 Laboratory，University College London，Hatfield，London，W1E 6B7 or by email to ALRL@alex.co.uk．

   For more Information．please visit www.alex.co.uk．

1.What can be learnt about the new laboratories from the text?

    A．They have not yet been set up．

    B．They are in Hatfield，Australia． 

    C．They belong to University College London．

    D．They are new workplaces for Australian researchers only．

2.What are the duties of a ROM，according to the text?

A．a，b，c．    B．a，b，d．

C．b，c，d．    D．a，c，d．

3.What does the fourth paragraph mainly talk about?

A．The technical skills of a would—be ROM．

B．The practical experience of a would—be ROM．

C．The personal information of a would—be ROM．

D．The necessary requirements for a would—be ROM．

4.What is the purpose of the text?

A．To describe the job of a ROM．

B．To provide information about ALRL．

C．To announce an open position at ALRL．

D．To make known the opening of the new laboratories．

(10·四川C篇)

Alex London Research Laboratory (ALRL) is part of Alex Co., Ltd., a major Australian medicine-making company. Opened in 1992, ALRL specialises in the development of new medicines for the treatment of heart diseases．

　 A position is now open for a Research Operations Manager(ROM) to support our growing research team at the new laboratories in Hatfield，due to open in the autumn of 2010．

Reporting to the Director，you will help set up and run the technical and scientific support services of our new laboratories now under construction．You will be expected to provide expert knowledge about and be in charge of all areas of ALRL’S Health and Safety，and to communicate (沟通)with support employees at ALRL’S laboratories based at University College London．Working closely with scientists and other operations and technical employees，you will manage a small number of research support employees providing services to help with the research activities to be carried out at the new laboratories．　 Candidates(申请人) will have experience of both management and research support／technical services．Knowledge of research operations and excellent communication skills are necessary. Education to degree level is also desirable．　 If you are interested in this position，please send your CV(简历)to Alex London Research

Laboratory，University College London，Hatfield，London，W1E 6B7 or by email to ALRL@alex.co.uk．

　 For more Information．please visit www.alex.co.uk．

　 49．What can be learnt about the new laboratories from the text?

　 A．They have not yet been set up．

　 B．They are in Hatfield，Australia．

　 C．They belong to University College London．

　 D．They are new workplaces for Australian researchers only．

50．What are the duties of a ROM，according to the text?

A．a，b，c．　 B．a，b，d．

C．b，c，d．　 D．a，c，d．

51．What does the fourth paragraph mainly talk about?

A．The technical skills of a would—be ROM．

B．The practical experience of a would—be ROM．

C．The personal information of a would—be ROM．

D．The necessary requirements for a would—be ROM．

52．What is the purpose of the text?

A．To describe the job of a ROM．

B．To provide information about ALRL．

C．To announce an open position at ALRL．

D．To make known the opening of the new laboratories．

IELTS: international English language testing system

Introduction: The IELTS is jointly managed by the University of Cambridge Local Examination Syndicate (剑桥大学考试委员会), the British Council (英国文化委员会) and IDP Education Australia (澳洲教育国际开发署)

Why more and more people are taking the IELTS test?

The IELTS test is widely recognized by the colleges, universities and other academic institutions of Australia, New Zealand, Canada and the United Kingdom. More and more universities and colleges in the US are also accepting an IELTS result as a language requirement for application to degree courses.

IELTS is accepted by many important organizations, such as the New Zealand Immigration Bureau, the Australian Immigration and Cultural Department, the Canadian Immigration Bureau, the Australian Medical Council and the British Medical Association (总会).

Choice of two test types

There are two test models: Academic and General Training. The candidate must select the one suitable to his/here purpose for taking the test.

Academic: for candidates who want to apply for undergraduate or postgraduate courses.

General Training: for candidates who take IELTS for immigration purpose, training programmes, or work experience.

If you have any questions about which type to take, consult the Examinations Services staff at the British Council offices.

Content

The test is composed of four papers: Listening, Reading, Writing and Speaking. The first three papers must be taken at one sitting on one day, and the speaking paper may be taken up to two days later. Usually in China, the Listening paper is taken on a Saturday morning, followed by the Reading paper, and then Writing paper. The Speaking test is usually taken on the Saturday afternoon or on the following Saturday. Candidates must complete all four papers in order to obtain an overall score.

1.How many organizations is IELTS managed by?

2.Why are more and more people taking the IELTS test?

3.What kind of candidates should choose Academic test?

4.In China, what’s the test order?

A．Reading, writing, speaking, listening.

B．Reading, speaking, listening, writing.

C．Listening, reading, writing, speaking.