Sigmund Freud was one of the first scientists to make serious research of the mind. The mind is the collection of activities based in the brain that involve how we act, think, feel and reason.
He used long talks with patients and the study of dreams to search for the causes of mental and emotional problems. He also tried hypnosis(催眠术). He wanted to see whether putting patients into a sleep-like condition would help ease troubled minds. In most cases he found the effects only temporary.
Freud worked hard, although what he did might sound easy. His method involved sitting with his patients and listening to them talk. He had them talk about whatever they were thinking. All ideas, thoughts and anything that entered their mind had to be expressed. There could be no holding back because of fear or guilt.
Freud believed that all the painful memories of childhood lay buried in the unconscious self. This part of the mind he said contains wishes, desires and experiences too frightening to recognize.
He thought that if these memories could somehow be brought into the conscious mind, the patient would again feel the pain. But this time, the person would experience them as an adult. The patient would feel them, be able to examine them and, if successful, finally understand them.
Using this way, Freud reasoned, the pain and emotional pressure of the past would be greatly weakened. They would lose their hold over the person's physical health. Soon the patient would get better.
Many of Freud's theories about how the mind works also had strong sexual connections. These included what he saw as the repressed feelings of sons toward their mothers and daughters toward their fathers.
If nothing else, Freud's ideas were revolutionary. Some people rejected them. Many others came to accept them. But no one disputes his great influence on the science of mental health

1. 1.

   How many methods did Sigmund Freud use to study the mind?

   1. A.
      One
   2. B.
      Two
   3. C.
      Three
   4. D.
      Four
2. 2.

   Sigmund Freud’s research was difficult because ______

   1. A.
      he had to work hard and have patients talk freely
   2. B.
      he had to live with people who had troubled minds
   3. C.
      he had to listen to unhappy stories of different people
   4. D.
      he had to give his patients a sense of security
3. 3.

   Sigmund Freud held the idea that the painful memories of childhood ______

   1. A.
      could be forgotten forever
   2. B.
      could have a life-long influence
   3. C.
      could become wises and desires
   4. D.
      could be understood unconsciously
4. 4.

   If an adult parent feels the memories of childhood painful, the patient would probably ______

   1. A.
      have physical and mental problems
   2. B.
      be greatly influenced by them
   3. C.
      have a better understanding of life
   4. D.
      have a healthier and happier life

How can you hear your friends’ voices when they are far away and you can’t make a long—distance call? Besides the web camera system with your computer, we have a new high-tech way to solve the problem and ease your pain of missing them.

The Japanese company Combiwith created a system—“talking picture”. It makes people in pictures speak!

The “talking picture” has a special pen. It is actually a pen-shaped scanner. It can scan information in special—made pictures. A connected player will then play the information out loud.

First, you need to take a picture and record what you want to say with the company. The company will then make special barcodes(条形码) onto your picture(you can’t see those codes). Those codes are your voice and your words. When you hold up the pen to scan your picture with barcodes, a player connected to the pen will start to play. It plays things you’ve recorded. That way the invention makes the “you” in the picture speak!

Do you want your friends and families talking out of pictures? Have them make pictures like that, and you can hear them whenever you want, only with the “talking picture” system. The system can play messages for up to 12 minutes.

“The pictures would be useful for those who hope to hear the voice of someone living far away,” said Mayumi Fuji, a spokeswoman for the company. “Grandparents, for example, longing to know about their grandchildren, would be happy to hear their voice when they see the picture,” Fuji said.

But it is troublesome to go to the company for taking a special picture first. And, it is much more expensive than using a telephone. The photo with barcodes costs between 17,040 and 17,990 yen(日元)(160 and 169 dollars). The larger picture you want, the more you pay.

Now, just raise a finger, lonely people can have their loved ones speak out of pictures. But, whether the “talking picture” is practical or not, let’s wait and see.

1.What does “talking pictures” mean according to this article?

2.If you want to make a talking picture, you need to ________.

3.Which of the following is NOT true accordingly?

4.What is the attitude of the author?

How can you hear your friends’ voices when they are far away and you can’t make a long—distance call? Besides the web camera system with your computer, we have a new high-tech way to solve the problem and ease your pain of missing them.
The Japanese company Combiwith created a system—“talking picture”. It makes people in pictures speak!
The “talking picture” has a special pen. It is actually a pen-shaped scanner. It can scan information in special—made pictures. A connected player will then play the information out loud.
First, you need to take a picture and record what you want to say with the company. The company will then make special barcodes(条形码) onto your picture(you can’t see those codes). Those codes are your voice and your words. When you hold up the pen to scan your picture with barcodes, a player connected to the pen will start to play. It plays things you’ve recorded. That way the invention makes the “you” in the picture speak!
Do you want your friends and families talking out of pictures? Have them make pictures like that, and you can hear them whenever you want, only with the “talking picture” system. The system can play messages for up to 12 minutes.
“The pictures would be useful for those who hope to hear the voice of someone living far away,” said Mayumi Fuji, a spokeswoman for the company. “Grandparents, for example, longing to know about their grandchildren, would be happy to hear their voice when they see the picture,” Fuji said.
But it is troublesome to go to the company for taking a special picture first. And, it is much more expensive than using a telephone. The photo with barcodes costs between 17,040 and 17,990 yen(日元)(160 and 169 dollars). The larger picture you want, the more you pay.
Now, just raise a finger, lonely people can have their loved ones speak out of pictures. But, whether the “talking picture” is practical or not, let’s wait and see.

1. 1.

   What does “talking pictures” mean according to this article?

   1. A.
      The picture can play what’s been recorded as if the person in the picture “talks”.
   2. B.
      You can have a talk with the person in the picture whenever you want to.
   3. C.
      The picture can tell you wonderful stories to ease your pain.
   4. D.
      The picture can tell what’s on your mind when you are looking at it.
2. 2.

   If you want to make a talking picture, you need to ________.

   1. A.
      take a picture and record what you want to say with the company
   2. B.
      make special barcodes onto your picture
   3. C.
      a pen—shaped scanner to go with the picture
   4. D.
      All of the above
3. 3.

   Which of the following is NOT true accordingly?

   1. A.
      The talking picture system can play messages for 12 minutes at most.
   2. B.
      It will cost you more to take a larger talking picture.
   3. C.
      It might take a lot of trouble to make a talking picture.
   4. D.
      You can make a talking picture by just raising a finger.
4. 4.

   What is the attitude of the author?

   1. A.
      Optimistic.
   2. B.
      Uncertain.
   3. C.
      Positive.
   4. D.
      Pessimistic.