What exactly is a lie? Is it anything we say which we know is untrue? Or is it something more than that? For example, suppose a friend wants to borrow some money from  you. You say “I wish I could help you, but I am short of money myself.” In fact, you are not short of money but your friend is in the habit of not paying his debts and you don’t want to hurt his feelings by reminding him of this. Is this really a lie?
Professor Jerald Jellison of the University of southern California has made a scientific study of lying. According to him, women are better lies than men, particularly when telling a “white lie”, such as when a woman at a party tells another woman that she likes her dress when she really thinks it’s terrible. However, this is only one side of the story. Other researchers say that men are more likely to tell more serious lies, such as making a promise that they have no intention of carrying out. This is the kind of lie politicians and businessmen are supposed to be particularly skilled at: the lie from which the liar hopes to profit or gain in some way.
Research has been done into the way people’s behavior changes in a number of small, unimportant ways when they lie. It has been found that if they are sitting down at the time, they tend to move about in their chairs more than usual. To the trained observer they are saying “I wish I were somewhere else now”. They also tend to touch certain parts of the face, particularly the nose. One explanation of this may be that lying causes a slight increase in blood pressure. The tip of the nose is very sensitive to changes and the increased pressure makes it itch.
Another gesture that gives liars away is what the writer Decmond Morris in his book Man Watching calls the “mouth cover”. He says that there are several typical forms of this, such as covering part of the mouth with the fingers, touch the upper lip or putting a finger of the hand at one side off the mouth. Such a gesture can be understood as an unconscious(未察觉的) attempt on the part of the liar to stop himself from lying.
Of course, such gestures as rubbing the nose or covering the mouth, moving about in a chair can not be taken as proof that the speaker is lying. They simply tend to happen more often in this situation. It is one gesture alone that gives the liar away but a whole number of things, and in particular the context(上下文) which the lie is told.
【小题1】According to the passage, a white lie seems to be a lie ______.

A．are better at telling less serious lies than men

B．generally lie for more than men do

C．often make promises they intend to break

D．lie at parties more often than men do

Nick was not the kind of boy I had expected to spend my summer with. I was hoping to    have a   21  the summer before my busy senior year, but my mother asked me to do her a   22 . One of her colleagues needed a full-time   23 . “You planned to volunteer at the local hospital, why not volunteer to   24  Nick instead?” Then she told me that this six-year-old boy was not a   25  child.
Nick was a lovely little boy who suffered from many disorders. Normal day-care centres would not   26  him. As a baby, he had serious ear infections which left him with equilibrium (平衡) problems. He couldn’t   27  or run properly. I was hesitating (犹豫)   28  I was to take the job when my mother   29 , “Don’t you want to be a nurse in the future? I doubt if you even have the   30 .”
Then I told her I was   31  for the job.
The day started at 7:00 a.m. Nick was my wake-up call! With so much energy and very little   32 , he was quite a mix.
In the park, when he saw all the other children play on the jungle gym and swings (秋千)， the boy’s face   33  up — how he wished he belonged to the group of his age! You would think it would be   34  to get a child to go down a slide (滑梯). Believe me, it wasn’t! It took time, a lot of time. But with patience and support, Nick took one step up the slide each day. We worked together to face his   35  and gradually he got closer to taking the slide of his life.
Halfway through the summer, he   36  it to the top of the slide. With my arms   37  him tightly, we flew down the slide! I waited for his reaction. After realizing that he was safe and sound, he gave me a big   38  and asked, “May I go down again, alone?” I had never been happier in my life when I saw this little child climb the ladder and enjoy what other children   39  for granted.  This   40  child taught me that being a nurse means respect, kindness and patience.

Nick was not the kind of boy I had expected to spend my summer with. I was hoping to have a relaxation the summer before my busy senior year, __36__ my mother asked me to do her a __37__. One of her colleagues needed a full－time __38__. “You planned to volunteer at the local hospital; why not volunteer to __39__ Nick instead？” Then she told me that this six-year-old boy was not a __40__ child.
Nick was a lovely little boy who suffered from many disorders. Normal day-care centers would not __41__ him. As a baby, he had serious ear infections which left him with equilibrium(平衡)problems. He couldn't __42__ or run properly. I was hesitating __43__ I was to take the job when my mother __44__, “Don't you want to be a nurse in the future? I doubt if you even have the __45__.”
Then I told her I was __46__ for the job.
The day started at 7：00 a．m. Nick was my wake-up call! With so much energy and very little __47__ , he was quite a mix.
At the park, when he saw all the other children play on the jungle gym and swings, the boy's face __48__ up—How he wished he belonged to the group of his age! You would think it would be__49__ to get a child to go down a slide. Believe me, it wasn't! It took time, a lot of time. But with patience and support, Nick took one step up the slide each day. We worked together to face his __50__ and gradually he got closer to taking the slide of his life.
Halfway through the summer, he __51__ it to the top of the slide. With my arms __52_ him tightly, we flew down the slide! I waited for his reaction. After realizing that he was safe and sound, he gave me a big __53__ and asked, “May I go down again, alone？”
I had never been happier in my life when I saw this little child climb the ladder and enjoy what other children __54__ for granted.
This __55__ child taught me that being a nurse means respect, kindness and patience.

Connecting with Patients

       Dr. Paris often treats several generations of a family over many years. “He’s seen us through two births, one operation, multiple earaches, a broken wrist and a recovery from a serious traffic crash,” says Jill Farrow, a 43-year-old lawyer whose first visit to Dr. Paris was as a teenager. During the birth of her younger son, Farrow began bleeding badly. Dr. Paris managed to solve the problem in a delicate procedure. “Twenty years ago, she probably would have died,” he says. Today, when he performs school sports physical examinations for the Farrow boys, 10 and 11, he is always reminded that lives are changed forever by doctors just doing their jobs.

       To be a mix of country doc and somewhat adventurer, the 55-year-old family physician moved to Hailey after completing his residency（医生实习期）. He hoped to practice medicine there and ski at nearby Sun Valley. Unfortunately, the only job opening was for an emergency-room doctor in Missoula, Montana, 300 miles away. Dr. Paris took it. "I'd ski all day and then drive all night to be in Missoula for a 48-hour shift," he recalls. "I'm lucky to be alive." Knowing he couldn't keep up with his eight-hour commute（通勤）, he began taking flying lessons.

In 1981, Dr. Paris joined a small medical practice in Hailey, a former mining town with a population at the time of 2,109. As Hailey grew in the shadow of Sun Valley's booming popularity, Dr. Paris's own practice expanded to seven physicians, including his wife, Kathryn Woods, who is also a family doctor. They met in 1986 at a certification exam in Denver when, in a room full of men in stodgy suits, Woods arrived wearing a Lycra biking outfit and carrying the front wheel of her bicycle (which she couldn't lock up outside). Dr. Paris asked her out on the spot. In 1989, they married.

What Jill Farrow says is to indicate ________.

       A. how weak the bodies of her family 

B. how hard it is to be a doctor

       C. how brilliant the physician’s skill is 

D. how easy it is to deal with such problems

Dr. Paris often reminds himself that ________.

       A. lives of people should not always stay the same

       B. people can rely on themselves to change their life

       C. doctors should change their own life

       D. it is the duty of a doctor to heal the patients

Why did Dr. Paris move to Hailey?

       A. Because he can be a doctor and an adventurer there.

B. Because he has to finish his residency there.   

       C. Because his children are fond of skiing at nearby Sun Valley.

       D. Because he has to be an emergency-room doctor there.

We can infer the doctor got married probably at the age of ________.

       A. 27.                   B. 37.                   C. 17.                          D. 47.

This passage is intended to ________.

       A. introduce Dr. Paris   

B. praise the doctor’s excellent medical art

       C. describe the doctor’s adventurous experience  

D. tell the doctor’s love affairs

It is not only experts in China who are arguing over whether women should work after marriage or not. Worldwide this question is being discussed as an interestingly large number of married women enter the workplace. Take the United States for example. Since 1960, the percentage of married women in the work force has jumped from 31.9 per cent to 59.4 per cent.
American women first moved into the paid labour force during the World War II, when men left their jobs to fight. In the last fifty years, more and more women have worked outside the home. And over these years of developing, Americans have changed their social values as a result. In 1975, women aged 35 and above made up half of all working women. And by 1980, 60 per cent were women at the age of 45 and above.
Now in Japan, women’s work group is M-shaped with middle-aged women and those aged 20-25 at the two peaks. According to statistics(统计)， 37.7 per cent of Japanese women at childbearing age(25-29) still engaged themselves in work in 1980. and the number reached 50 per cent the next year.
Being a housewife has always been regarded as a “graceful occupation” in Japan. Some young Japanese women believe it is good to be a “ professional housewife”. However, old attitudes have been changing everywhere, and sometimes just out of economic necessary. In recent years, a great number of city housewives have poured out of homes to take part time jobs. Even the UN has given its support.. The 34^th Congress of the United Nations in 1979 put forward the decision for formal agreement on the getting rid of discrimination(歧视) against women.
So far, most UN members have agreed on it, but some still haven’t,  including the United States.
【小题1】From the first passage, we can learn that ________________.