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求谏
吴兢
太宗威容俨肃，百僚进见者，皆失其举措。太宗知其若此，每见人奏事，必假颜色，冀闻谏诤，知政教得失。贞观初，尝谓公卿曰：“人欲自照，必须明镜；主欲知过，必藉忠臣。主若自贤，臣不匡正，欲不危败，岂可得乎？故君失其国，臣亦不能独全其家。至于隋炀帝暴虐，臣下钳口，卒令不闻其过，遂至灭亡，虞世基等，寻亦诛死。前事不远，公等每看事有不利于人，必须极言规谏。”
贞观元年，太宗谓侍臣曰：“正主任邪臣，不能致理；正臣事邪主，亦不能致理。惟君臣相遇，有同鱼水，则海内可安。朕虽不明，幸诸公数相匡救，冀凭直言鲠议，致天下太平。”谏议大夫王珪对曰：“臣闻，木从绳则正，后从谏则圣。是故古者圣主必有争臣七人，言而不用，则相继以死。陛下开圣虑，纳刍荛，愚臣处不讳之朝，实愿罄其狂瞽。”太宗称善，诏令自是宰相入内平章国计，必使谏官随入，预闻政事。有所开说，必虚己纳之。
贞观五年，太宗谓房玄龄等曰：“自古帝王多任情喜怒，喜则滥赏无功，怒则滥杀无罪。是以天下丧乱，莫不由此。朕今夙夜未尝不以此为心，恒欲公等尽情极谏。公等亦须受人谏语，岂得以人言不同己意，便即护短不纳？若不能受谏，安能谏人？”
贞观八年，太宗谓侍臣曰：“朕每闲居静坐，则自内省，恒恐上不称天心，下为百姓所怨。但思正人匡谏，欲令耳目外通，下无怨滞。又比见人来奏事者，多有怖慑，言语致失次第。寻常奏事，情犹如此，况欲谏诤，必当畏犯逆鳞。所以每有谏者，纵不合朕心，朕亦不以为忤。若即嗔责，深恐人怀战惧，岂肯更言！”
贞观十六年，太宗谓房玄龄等曰：“自知者明，信为难矣。如属文之士，伎巧之徒，皆自谓己长，他人不及。若名工文匠，商略诋诃，芜词拙迹，于是乃见。由是言之，人君须得匡谏之臣，举其愆过。一日万机，一人听断，虽复忧劳，安能尽善？常念魏征随事谏正，多主朕失，如明镜鉴形，美恶必见。”因举觞赐玄龄等数人勖之。 （《贞观政要》）
【小题1】对下列句子中划线词的解释，不正确的一项是 （ ）
| A．因举觞赐玄龄等数人勖之。 勖：勉励 |
| B．寻亦诛死寻:不久 |
| C．如属文之士属文：叮嘱写文章 |
| D．言语致失次第次第：（言语的）顺序、先后 |
| A．皆失其举措其若是，孰能御之 |
| B．愚臣处不讳之朝师道之不传也久矣 |
| C．言而不用臣诚恐见欺于王而负赵 |
| D．又比见人来奏事者乃使从者衣褐 |
①公等每看事有不利于人，必须极言规谏
②诏令自是宰相入内平章国计，必使谏官随人，预闻政事
③公等亦受人谏语，岂得以人言不同己意，便即护短不纳
④所以每有谏者，纵不合朕心，朕亦不以为忤
⑤木从绳则正，后从谏则圣
| A．① ② ④ | B．② ③ ④ | C．① ③ ⑤ | D．① ② ⑤ |
（1）朕虽不明，幸诸公数相匡救，冀凭直言鲠议，致天下太平。（4分）
（2）所以每有谏者，纵不合朕心，朕亦不以为忤。（4分）
（3）常念魏征随事谏正，多中朕失，如明镜鉴形，美恶必见。 （4分） 查看习题详情和答案>>
敏求字次道，赐进士及第，为馆阁校勘。预苏舜钦进奏院会，出签书菜庆军判官。王尧臣修《唐书》，以敏求习唐事，奏为编修官。持祖母丧．诏令居家修书。卒丧，同知太常礼院。
石中立薨，子继死，无他子。其孙祖仁疑所服，下礼官议。敏求谓宜为服三年，当解官，斩衰。同僚援据不一，判寺宋祁是其议，遂定为令。加集贤校理。从宋庠辟，通判西京。为群牧度支判官。坠马伤足，出知亳州。治平中，召为仁宗实录检讨官，同修起居注、知制诰、判大常寺。
英宗在殡，有言宗室服疏者可嫁娶，敏求以为大行未发引，不可。逾年，又有言者。敏求言宗室义服，服降而练，可嫁娶矣。坐前后议异，贬秩知绛州。王珪、范镇乞留之，使成实录。神宗曰：“典礼，国之所重，而误谬如是，安得无责。”然敏求议初不误，曾公亮恶礼院刘瑾附敏求为说，故因是去之。是岁，即诏还。
徐国公主以夫兄为侄奏官，敏求疏其乱天伦，执正之。王安石恶吕公著，诬其言韩琦欲因人心，如赵鞅兴晋阳之甲，以逐君侧之恶，出之颍州。敏求当草制，安石谕旨使明著罪状，敏求但言敷陈失实。安石怒白于帝，命陈升之改其语，敏求请解职，未听。
会李定自秀州判官除御史，敏求封还词头，遂以本官右谏议大夫奉朝请。策试贤良方正，孔文仲对语切直，擢置优等，安石愈怒，罢文仲。人为敏求惧，帝独全护之，除史馆修撰、集贤院学士。邓润甫为帝言：“比群臣多尚告讦，非国家之羌，宜登用敦厚之士，以变薄俗”乃加敏求龙田阁直学士，命修《两朝正史》，掌均国公笺奏。元丰二年，卒，年六十一。特赠礼部侍郎。 （《宋史·敏求列传》有删节）
[注]①斩衰：丧服名，衰（cuī）通“縗”。“五服”中最重的丧服。用最粗的生麻布制成，断处外露不缉边，丧服上衣叫“衰”因称“斩衰”。表示毫不修饰以尽哀痛，服期三年。古代，臣为君，男子及未嫁女为父，长房长孙为祖父，妻妾为夫，均服斩衰。②大行：指皇帝的葬礼。
【小题1】对下列句子中划线词的解释，不正确的一项是
| A．同僚援据不一，判寺宋祁是其议是：赞同 |
| B．加集贤校理加：升任 |
| C．曾公亮恶礼院刘瑾附敏求为说，故因是去之去：离开 |
| D．王安石恶吕公著，诬其言韩琦欲因人心因：利用 |
①判寺宋祁是其议，遂定为令
②敏求疏其乱天伦，执正之
③敏求当草制，安石谕旨使明著罪状，敏求但言敷陈失实
④安石怒白于帝，命陈升之改其语，敏求请解职
⑤策试贤良方正，孔文仲对语切直，擢置优等
⑥乃加敏求龙图阁直学士，命修《两朝正史》，掌均国公笺奏
| A．①③④ | B．①②③ | C．②⑤⑥ | D．②③④ |
| A．敏求认为石中立之孙石祖仁应为石中立穿斩衰服丧三年。后来，敏求官职几度升迁，应宋庠的请求，先后担任西京通判、群牧度支判官、亳州知府、仁宗实录检讨宫等职务。 |
| B．敏求在宋英宗死后较疏远的皇族成员什么叫候可以婚嫁这个问题，看法前后不一，因而被降为绛州知府。但同年就被召回京。 |
| C．王安石因不喜欢吕公著而想诬陷吕公著，并传旨让敏求在诏书中说明吕公著的罪状，敏求认为不妥而没有照做，之后想辞官，但皇帝并末批准。 |
| D．敏求在主持贤良方正的考试时，因为孔文仲对答时语言刚正不阿，所以把他放在优等的位置上，却因此又触怒了王安石。在人们为敏求的处境担忧时．皇帝却保全了他。 |
（1）典礼，国之所重，而误谬如是，安得无责。（5分）
（2）比群臣多尚告讦，非国家之美，宜登用敦厚之士，以变薄俗。（5分） 查看习题详情和答案>>
A beautiful girl with a master's degree(硕士学位) went through a lot of challenges and her name was on the list. In the final stage she faced an interview together -with another girl. Both of them were outstanding,
not only in looks but also in education.
The girl was successful in the interview. It seemed that she would get the chance. At last the examiner asked her, "Can you come to the office next Monday?" Shocked by the unexpected question, the beautiful girl couldn't make a decision at the moment, so she said, "I have to talk with my parents before I give an answer. " The examiner felt surprised but said calmly, "If so, let' s wait till you are ready. "
The next day, the girl came to tell the examiner that her parents had agreed to let her begin work next Monday. But the examiner said regretfully (遗憾地), "Sorry, another suitable candidate (选手)has got the job. You had better try another place. "The beautiful girl was surprised. She asked for an explanation(解释) and was told, "What is needed here is a person who knows her own mind. "
That was how a good opportunity right under the nose of a beautiful girl ran away.
【小题1】 The beautiful girl wanted to ask her parents for advice because_________
| A．she didn't like the job | B．she didn’t expect the examiner would ask such a question |
| C．she didn't want to answer the question | D．her parents would be angry if she didn't ask them |
| A．the company lost its best clerk | B．no girl got the job |
| C．the other girl who failed at the last interview might get the job | |
| D．the examiner was very pleased with the girl |
| A．a person's confidence | B．a person's knowledge |
| C．a person's age | D．a person' s beautiful looks |
| A．就在鼻子下 | B．想要得到的 | C．没有把握的 | D．就在眼前的 |
| A．Make Decisions With Your Parents | B．A Successful Interview |
| C．Use Your Own Mind | D．Answer the Examiner's Question Quickly |
任务型阅读 (本题有5小题，每小题1分，共5分 )
阅读下面5段语言材料，从A到F选项中，找出与它们相对应的标题，并将答案的字母编号填在题前的括号内。
1.Living in another country can help you to learn a language, and about another culture. Many companies today need employees (雇员 ) who can speak a foreign language, or have the experience of living or working in another country.
2. Most people want to be happy. But few know how to find happiness. Money and success alone do not bring lasting happiness. Happiness depends on ourselves .In other words, we make own happiness.
3. “No man is an island” is a well-known line from John Donne’s Devotion, written more than three hundred years ago. Even now people still agree with him. No one can live a completely isolated life. Without other people, life became empty and sad. We all need friends.
4. When he was 18 years old, he wanted to go to film school so that he could improve his skills and become an even better director. Unluckily, he was unsuccessful in getting a place at this school so he went to a university in California to study English. Even though he had failed to get into the school he wanted to go to, he didn’t let this stop him following his dream to become a great director.
5.Which type of food will make a difference if you want to keep fit? If you eat more carbohydrates(碳水化合物 ) and proteins (蛋白质) ,your body will be pleased. If you eat too much fat and sweet, your muscles ( 肌肉) will start to break down.
A. If you want to succeed, don’t give up your dream.
B. Paying attention to what you eat
C. The Ad for looking for the employees.
D. The secrets of Happiness.
E. No one can live without people.
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1、近年来，对“经典”影片的“恶搞”和对英雄形象的“颠覆”早就成了网上一“景”。如奋不顾身的具有大无畏气概的黄继光“是摔倒了才堵枪眼的”；为了胜利舍身炸碉堡的董存瑞牺牲是“因为被炸药包上的两面胶粘住了。这些恶搞和颠覆已经引起了一些人的争议和警惕，甚至愤怒和批判。
2、中国青年报社会调查中心和腾讯网新闻中心近日联合开展的一项有6290人参与的调查显示：① 89.9%的人认为适当的恶搞是可以的，但应该坚守“恶搞”的底线。②网上流传的各种“恶搞”中， 65%让他们难以接受。③多数人认为道德伦理(72.1%)、红色经典(71.4%)、传统文化(65.5%)、他人人格(63.7%)、信仰信念(52.4%)不应该成为恶搞的对象，应该得到保护和尊重。
要求：读了上述文字，面对这种在年轻人中间愈来愈流行的做法，你有何感想，请以“坚守与颠覆”为话题作文。立意自定，文体自选，题目自拟，不少于800字。 查看习题详情和答案>>