考点1、行为动词

行为动词可分为及物动词和不及物动词，及物动词后面跟宾语意思才完整，不及物动词后面不跟宾语意思也完整，但很多动词既可作及物动词，又可作不及物动词。

He studies English well.

He studies hard.

Father often reads newspapers after supper.

When I came in ,he was reading .

考点2、连系动词

连系动词本 身具有一定意义，表示某人或某事物的状态或特征。连系动词不能单独做谓语，其后可接名词、形容词、副词和介词短语作表语。

She looked tired,but she soon felt better.

He always seems very quiet,but sometimes he makes trouble.

She looks like her sister.

Keep quiet.

连系动词

词  义

示     例

be

是

It is sunny today.

become

成为  变得

The boy became interested in science.

get

变得

The days get longer.

turn

变得

The trees turn green in spring.

grow

成长，变得

The world population is growing faster and faster

keep

保持

You must look after yourself and keep healthy.

seem

似乎，好象

She seems much better now.

feel

感到，摸起来

She feels terrible now.

look

看起来

The flower looks very beautiful.

smell

闻起来

The fish smells nice.

sound

听起来

The song sounds wonderful

taste

尝起来

The cake tastes good.

注意

含连系动词（除be外）的句子变疑问句时一定要借助do , does , did

考点3、助动词

助动词本身没有次词义，不能单独做谓语，只能和主要动词一起构成谓语动词，表示否定、疑问、时态、语态等语法形式，或用来加强语气。常用的助动词有be(am/is/are/,was,were),  do/does/did ,  have/has/had ,shall / will,

would/should等.

助动词

用    法

示     例

Be(am/is/are/was/were)

助动词be+现在分词构成进行时态

We’re having an English lesson.

She was writing when I left.

助动词be+过去分词构成被动语态

English is spoken by many people.

This factory was opened in 2002.

do/does/did

构成一般现在时和一般过去时的疑问句和否定句

Do you often get up early?

He didn’t go to school yesterday.

构成否定的祈使句（do）

Don’t play football in the street.

have/has/had

跟动词的过去分词一起构成完成时态

He has gong to America.

She said she had kept the book for two weeks.

will/shall

跟动词的原形一起构成一般将来时

What shall we do tomorrow?

I’ll go fishing next Sunday.

would/should

跟动词的原形一起构成过去将来时

I didn’t know if she would come.

I wondered if I should go

考点4、情态动词

情态动词表示说话人的某种感情或语气，对某一动作或状态的某种态度，认为可能、应当、必要等。情态动词有自己的词义，但不能单独作谓语，必须加动词原形构成合成谓语，没有人称和数的变化。常见的情态动词有：can/could,may/might, must ,need ,should ,used to,had better等。

1.can/could的用法

（1）.表示能力

Can you drive a car ?No,I can’t .

She can speak English and French.

He could swim when he was five.

（2）.表示许可或请求许可，could比can语气更委婉客气，而且could并不是can的过去时，could和can没有时间上的差别。

Can I help you ?

Could you lend me your bike?

2.may和might的用法

（1）表示许可或请求许可，may=can, might=could

May/Can I come in ?Yes,you may/can.No,you mustn’t.

（2）may be和maybe

He may be at home.=Maybe he is at home.

3.must的用法

（1）    表示“必须”“应该”

否定式“must not/mustn’t”表示“不应该”“不准”等。在回答带有must的问句时，否定式常用needn’t或don’t have to ，而不用mustn’t。

The work must be finished as soon as possible.

You mustn’t speak like that.

Must I be home before eight o’clock?

Yes,you must.No,you needn’t./No,you don’t have to.

(2) must和 have to

must和have to都可以表示必须，但must表示说话人的主观看法，have to表示客观需要。must只有现在时，要表示过去时和将来时需要用had to和will have to .

I must go now.

I have to go now.

The room is dirty.I have to clean it now.

You don’t have to worry about that.

The students will have to know how to use the computer.

4.need的用法

（1）need作为情态动词，表示“需要”、“必须”。主要用于疑问句和否定句中，较少用于肯定句。

You needn’t hurry.There’s a little time to go .

Need I come on Sunday ?Yes,I’m afraid you must. No,you needn’t

（2）need作为实义动词既可用于否定句、疑问句、又可用于肯定句，其后可跟名词、代词、不定式；当主语是物时，后跟动名词，主动形式表被动意义。

We need some help.

I don’t need things like that.

You need to buy a computer.

Your shoes need cleaning.=Your shoes need to be cleaned.

Our classroom needs repairing.=Our classroom needs to be repaired

5．can , may表推测“可能”,must表推测“一定”“肯定”

(1)can表推测“可能”,只能用于疑问句中或否定句中。

Can it be true?    It can’t be true.

(2)may表推测“可能”主要用于肯定句中或否定句中。

You may be right.   He may be ill.

(3)must表推测“一定”“肯定”通常只用于肯定句中，在否定句或疑问句中用can代之。

The door is open.He must be at home.

It must be true.

注意：must表推测，用于反意疑问句时，该句助动词不能用，而是根据其后动词的形式来决定。

It must still be there,isn’t it?

He must have gone home,hasn’t he ?

6.should表示“应当”

We should help others when they are in trouble.

You shouldn’t eat too much rich food.

7．Used to和be/get used to

（1）used to过去常常（现在已不如此），to是不定式符号，后接动词原形，构成否定式和疑问式时可借助助动词did或直接用used作助动词。

He used to smoke.

He usedn’t/didn’t use to come

You used to go there,usedn’t /didn’t you ?

Did you use to be a teacher.?

（2）be used to“习惯于……”其中to是介词，其后要接名词或动名词，不能接动词原形。有时为强调从不习惯到习惯的过程，可用get used to

She is used to getting up early .

You’ll soon get used to the food here.

8．had better的用法

had better“最好”后只接动词原形。其否定式应在之后加not。

You had better have a rest.

You had better not talk in class.

        9.跟动词+ing形式作宾语的动词和动词短语

动词（短语）

短 语 形 式

释     义

enjoy

enjoy doing sth.

喜欢做某事

finish

finish doing sth.

完成做某事

keep

keep(sb.)doing sth.

（让某人）一直做某事

stop

stop doing sth.

停止做某事

go on

go on doing sth.

继续做某事

be busy

be busy doing sth.

忙着做某事

like

like doing sth.

喜欢做某事

hear

hear sb. doing sth.

听到某人正做某事

see

see sb. doing sth.

看见某人正做某事

find

find sb. doing sth

发现某人正做某事

watch

watch sb. doing sth.

观看某人正做某事

spend

spend time/money (in) doing sth.

花费钱/时间做某事

go

go doing sth.

去做某事

10、用动词不定式作宾语的动词

动词（短语）

短语形式

例   句

说   明

ask,decide,hope,want,agree

choose,wish,would like

+ to do sth.

Would you like to have some tea,please?

这些动词后只能接动词不定式作宾语

learn,hate,like,love,prefer

begin,start

+ to do sth.

(+doing sth.)

I like singing,but now I don’t like to sing.

这些动词在接不定式或动词-ing时，意义差别不大。

try,forget,remember,stop

go on

+ to do sth.

(+doing sth.)

Please remember to lock the door.

这些动词在接不定式或动词-ing时，意义差别很大。

help

+ to do sth.

(+do sth.)

Kate usually helps (to) do some housework at home on Sunday

help后的to可以省略，意义相同

need

+ to do sth.

(+doing sth.

You need to go home quickly.

Your shoes need mending

need后接动词不定式时，表示主动意义；后接动词的-ing形式时，表示被动意义。

ask,choose,decide,forget,

know,learn,see,show,teach

tell,understand,find out

疑问词+ to do sth.

I don’t know how to answer this question.

疑问词why没有此用法，不定式的逻辑主语常为句中主语。

11．用动词不定式作宾语补足语的动词

动词（短语）

短语形式

例   句

说   明

ask,order,send,teach,tell,

want,wish,would like

+ sb. to do sth.

I’d like your parents to come over to my home.

Do you want me to help you?

这些动词后面只能接动词不定式作宾语补足语。

believe,know,think

understand,feel

+ sb. to be

I believe the story to be true.

动词不定式to be可以省略

类  别

单 词

短 语 形 式

释 义

感官动词

hear

hear sb. do sth.

听到某人做了某事

see

see sb. do sth.

看见某人做了某事

watch

watch sb. do sth.

观看某人做了某事

find

find sb. do sth.

发现某人做了某事

feel

feel sb. do sth.

感觉某人做了某事

使役动词

make

make sb. do sth.

使（让）某人做某事

let

let sb. do sth.

让某人做某事

其    他

help

help sb. do sth.

帮助某人做某事

12、非持/延续性（短暂性、终止性）动词变为持续性动词的方法

非持续性动词

持续性动词

例     句

come/go

be at/in

I came here two days ago.

I have been here for two days.

arrive/reach

be

He arrived here yesterday.

He has been here for two days.

begin/start

be on

The film began five minutes ago.

The film has been on for five minutes.

borrow

keep

He borrowed the book last Sunday.

He has kept the book since last Sunday.

buy

have

My brother bought his book two days ago.

My brother has had his book for two days.

close

be closed

The shop closed three days ago.

The shop has been closed for three days.

die

be dead

His grandpa died two years ago.

His grandpa has been dead for two years.

get up

be up

He got up two hours ago.

He has been up for two hours.

join

be(in)

His brother joined the army in 1998.

His brother has been in the army since1998.

leave

be away from

His father left home last month.

His father has been away from home for two months

lose

not have

I lost my pen three days ago.

I haven’t had my pen for three days.

open

be open

The shop opened last month.

The shop has been open for two months.

put on

wear

I put on my glasses in 1991.

I have worn my glasses for 22 years.

go out

catch a cold

become

fall asleep

get to know

go to sleep

be out

have a cold

be

be asleep

know

sleep

13、双宾语动词

概 述

有些及物动词可以接两个宾语，直接宾语和间接宾语，前者常指物，表示动作的承受者或结果，后者常指人，表示动作的执行者或对象。

结 构

1．动词+间接宾语+直接宾语

do+sb.+sth.

2．动词+直接宾语+介词（to/for）+间接宾语

do+sth.+to/for+sb.

说 明

1．当直接宾语为人称代词时，用结构 2

2．当直接宾语比间接宾语短时，常用结构2

3．当强调间接宾语时，多用结构2

4．在give,pass,show,hand,lend,return,sell,send,take,bring等动词之后用to表示“给”，强调动作的对象。

5．在buy,get,make,choose,cook,do,find,sing等动词之后用“for”表示“为；替”强调动作的目的。

14．短语动词

类   别

特   点

用  法

示   例

动词+副词

相当于及物动词

必须接宾语，宾语位于副词之前或之后，人称代词宾语必须放在副词之前

put on ,try on ,turn on,write down,take off,turn off,turn up,turn down,send up, wake up

相当于不及物动词

不接宾语

look up,go on,get in,get up

动词+介词

相当于及物动词

必须接宾语，宾语位于介词之后

fall off,get off,get on,call on,go over, operate on

动词+副词+介词

相当于及物动词

必须接宾语，宾语一般位于介词之后

go on with,keep up with

动词+名词+介词

相当于及物动词

必须接宾语，宾语一般位于介词之后

take care of,catch hold of