2009年高考短文改错命题分析指导(二)
3. 动词方面的错误
1) 谓语动词时态、语态错误主要表现为:动词时态与时间指示不符;并列动词的形式不一致;对主从句之间由于动作发生的时间不一致而出现的时态交错现象处理不当;语态混用错误。如:
① (2008 全国卷Ⅱ )
…since I was familiar with Beijing, I can help visitors find... 81. ______
[简析]was→am。 全篇材料时态为一般现在时,惟独这里为一般过去时,因此需改为一般现在时。
② (2008 四川卷)
When they came here, I will show them around my university and the city as well. 61. _____
[简析]came→come。由will show 的时态可以推出。
③ (2008 全国卷II)
If I have the honor to be chose to work for the 29th Olympic Games… 76. ______
简析]chose→chosen。此处表示“ 被选择”。
2) 非谓语动词运用不当
主要设置下列错误:动词与非谓语动词混用;非谓语动词各种形式混用;不定式多用to 与少用to。同学们应明确不作谓语的动词必须用非谓语形式,而究竟使用何种非谓语形式由非谓语成分而定。当然,同学们还必须牢记不定式不能接to 的场合,以增强识别意识。
A. 谓语与非谓语形式混用
例1 :(2008 重庆卷)
And there are many meaningful things that are worth think of … 82. ______
[简析]think→thinking。be worth 后面应接v-ing形式。
例2 :(2008 辽宁卷)
We all enjoyed this precious day greatly, remember the time we spent together and the people we were familiar with. 81. ______
[简析]remember→remembering。此处为状语,谓语形式remember 应改为非谓语形式。
B. 非谓语各种形式混用
例1 :The story about Growth is my favourite American TV play because it is very interested. (2008重庆卷) 76. ______
[简析]interested→interesting。此处表示“ 有趣的;令人感兴趣的( 电视剧)”。
例2 :(2008 福建卷)
I am very exciting to learn that you’re coming to Beijing for the Olympics. 76. ______
[简析]exciting→excited。此处不表示“ 令人兴奋的”,而表示“ 感到兴奋的”。 C. 不定式用to 与不用to
例1 :(2008 陕西卷)
Perhaps someone who wanted see the play would take them. 82. ______
[简析]wanted 后加to。want 后面接不定式作宾语时应带to。
例2 :(2008 重庆卷)We’d better not to miss the chance... 85. ______
[简析]去掉to。had better 或’d better 后应接不带to 的不定式。
4. “ 平行结构” 类错误
① (2004 全国卷II)
I am thinking of making a trip to London, and visit the British Museum and some…
78. ______
[简析]visit→visiting。并列连词and 连接的两个动词make 和visit 都作介词of 的宾语,故visit 应变为动名词形式。
② (2004 天津卷)
At weekends, we would play basketball, swimming in the pool 81. ______ or go for a picnic.
[简析]swimming→swim。并列连词or 前后应为相同的成分。
5. 连词方面的错误
在高考短文改错中,经常出现大量的并列句和复合句。考点主要涉及并列连词(but, and, so, or等) 和各种从句的引导词的用法及具体含义。这就要求同学们弄清句子之间的关系。有些词既可作连词,又可作介词( 如since, for 等) ;还有一些词( 如during, yet 等) 很容易被误认为连词,而实际上它们却是介词或副词。同时,还要注意一些固定连词词组, 如either ... or…, neither ... nor…, not only…but also…, not…but… 等,注意其中的搭配关系。如:
① (2008 全国卷I)
...there for half a month, visiting places of interest or practicing my English as well.
81. ______
[简析]or→and。句意:在那里待了半个月,参观名胜古迹,同时还练习英语。as well 为提示标志。
② (2008 天津卷)
I have already studied English for eight years, I can’t use it very well.
析: 逗号后加but。两个并列句之间缺少并列连词。
③ (2004 全国卷II)
You can watch your stars while enjoying your favorite music. So then, a concert costs so much. I may just listen to music. 82. ______
[简析]So→But。句意:你可以欣赏音乐,见到你喜欢的明星。但是音乐会的票价太高。由此可判断这里应为转折语气。
④ (2008 安徽卷)
My friend could read some German, but I couldn’t, and I gave her the biscuit bag to find the name. 83. ______
[简析]and→so。此处表示“ 所以”。
⑤ (2004 湖南卷) The teacher wasn’t looking at me, but I copied something ... 82. _____
[简析]but→so。句意:老师没有注意我,所以我趁机抄袭了一点儿。因此这里表示因果关系。
6. 形容词、副词方面的错误
通常是对名词与形容词之间、形容词与副词之间转换的考查。同时,还应明确形容词、副词的原级、比较级、最高级的常用结构,以及比较对象的一致性等。如:
① (2004 全国卷IV)
... trying to steal person information for bad purposes. 82. ______
[简析]person→personal。句意:不怀好意地试图窃取个人信息。由此可判断在名词information 前需用形容词作定语。
② (2008 浙江卷)
I headed for the company, feeling sure I would easy finish 300 envelopes in five hours and earn the money. 82. ______
[简析]easy→easily。finish 为动词,应用副词修饰。
③ (2008 陕西卷)
Then John read some reviews of the play, which all said it was a terribly one!
[简析]terribly→terrible。one 为名词,应用形容词修饰。
7. 介词方面的错误
主要设置多用、少用与误用介词错误和介词宾语表现形式错误。熟悉重要介词的含义与搭配是发现与改正多用、少用、误用介词错误的主要方法。另外,同学们应牢记介词后接人称代词时只能用宾格形式、接非谓语动词时只能用v-ing 形式。
A. 多用、少用、误用介词方面的错误
例1 : (2008 全国卷Ⅱ )
I will first improve my English so that I can talk easily about foreign visitors. 78. ______
[简析]about→with/to。表示“ 和某人谈话” 应用短语“talk with/to sb.”。
例2 :(2004 全国卷III)
... and we’ll talk with our plan for the weekend over dinner. 84. ______
[简析]with→about。talk about sb./sth. 表示“ 谈论某人或某事”。
例3 :(2004 福建卷)
We have a lot on common and have a lot to talk about ... 79. ______
[简析]on→in。表示“ 在( 想法、兴趣等) 方面相同” 应用have…in common。__B. 介词宾语表现形式错误
例1 :(2008 全国卷I)
I have often dreamed of talk face to face with you. 83. ______
[简析] talk→talking。of 为介词,后面应接v-ing形式作宾语。
例2 :(2008 浙江卷)
Getting out of the classroom is indeed necessary for we all. 85. ______
[简析]we→us。for 为介词,后面应接宾格人称代词。
8. 冠词方面的错误
主要设置下列错误:表示“ 一……” 时不用a/ an,在不可数名词前却用不定冠词a/an ;表示特指时不用定冠词the,不表示特指时却用the,尤其在某些习惯表达中随便使用冠词the ;不定冠词a 与an 混用,元音发音开头的单词前用a,辅音发音开头的单词前用an。解题时应根据语境逻辑判断相关名词表示特指还是泛指,如表示特指用the ;表示泛指且有“ 一……” 之意,元音发音的单词前用an,辅音发音的单词前用a。如:
① (2008 全国卷II)
Second, I will learn more about history of the Olympics as well as the 2008 Olympic Games. 79. ______
[简析]history 前加the。此处特指奥运会的历史。
② (2008 天津卷)
One day, the school held party… 58. ______
[简析]party 前加a。party 为可数名词,且此处表示“ 一场晚会”,因此前面应用不定冠词a。
③ (2008 辽宁卷)
It was indeed not easy to get in the touch with everybody and set a good time for all of us. 79. ______
[简析] 去掉the。get in touch with 为固定搭配,表示“ 与……联系”。
9. 句型方面的错误
主要考查there be,it be ... since 以及强调句、倒装句等句型结构。如:
① (2004 天津卷)
It has been five years when we graduated ... 85. ______
[简析] when→since。此题考查it is/ has been ...since 句型。
② (2004 广东卷)
... once said:“It is us who are to blame for 82. _____ the poverty because we used to‘produce’children without limit.”
[简析]us→we。此题考查强调句型,被强调的是句子的主语。