I have a collection of more than 1,000 stamps, ________ over twenty years old．


  1. A.
    some of them．
  2. B.
    some of which．
  3. C.
    some of what．
  4. D.
    some of whom

At the beginning of my 8:00 a.m. class one Monday at UNLV（拉斯维加斯内华达大学）, I cheerfully asked my students how their weekend had been. One young man said that his weekend had not been very good. The young man then proceeded to ask me why I always seemed to be so cheerful.
His question reminded me of something I’d read somewhere before: “Every morning when you get up, you have a choice about how you want to approach life that day,” I said to the young man. “I choose to be cheerful.”
“Let me give you an example,” I continued. “In addition to teaching here at UNLV, I also teach out at the community college in Henderson. One day a few weeks ago I drove to Henderson. I exited the freeway and turned onto College Drive. But just then my car died. I tried to start it again, but the engine wouldn’t turn over. So I put my flashers on, grabbed my books, and marched down the road to the college.”
“As soon as I got there, the secretary in the Provost’s office asked me what had happened. ‘This is my lucky day’, I replied, smiling.”
“Your car breaks down and today is your lucky day?” She was puzzled, “What do you mean?”
“I live seventeen miles from here. I replied. My car could have broken down anywhere along the freeway. It didn’t. Instead, it broke down in the perfect place: off the freeway, within walking distance of here. I’m still able to teach my class, and I’ve been able to arrange for the tow truck to meet me after class. If my car was meant to break down today, it couldn’t have been arranged in a more convenient fashion.”

  1. 1.

    If you want to be cheerful you should ___________.

    1. A.
      try to succeed in doing everything
    2. B.
      try to please your boss every day
    3. C.
      earn a lot of money by working
    4. D.
      choose to be cheerful every day
  2. 2.

    The underlined phrase “turn over” in the third paragraph means “________”

    1. A.
      roll over
    2. B.
      work normally
    3. C.
      stopped suddenly
    4. D.
      move around
  3. 3.

    According to this passage we can infer that the teacher’s car broke down ____.

    1. A.
      near UNLV
    2. B.
      along the highway
    3. C.
      near Henderson
    4. D.
      at the community college
  4. 4.

    Which one of the following is TRUE?

    1. A.
      The teacher taught not only at UNLV but also at the community college.
    2. B.
      That was the teacher’s lucky day because the teacher liked walking.
    3. C.
      The teacher always hoped that the car would break down often.
    4. D.
      The young man was sad because his car broke down.

Tourism probably started in Roman times.Rich Romans visited friends and family who were working in another part of the Roman empire.But when the empire broke down,this kind of tourism stopped.
In the early 17th century,the idea of the“Grand Tour”was born.Rich young English people sailed across the English Channel（英吉利海峡）.They visited the most beautiful and important European cities of the time,including Paris in France,and Rome and Venice（威尼斯）in Italy.Their tours lasted for two to four years,and the tourists stayed a few weeks or months in each city.The“Grand Tour”was an important part of young people’s education—but only for the rich.
In the 18th century,tourism began to change.For example,people in the UK started to visit some towns,such as Bath to“take the waters”.They believed that the water there was good for their health.So large and expensive hotels were built in these towns.
In the 19th century,travel became much more popular and faster.When the first railways were built in the 1820s,it was easier for people to travel between towns,so they started to go for holidays by the sea.And some started to have holidays in the countryside as cities became larger,noisier and dirtier.
Traveling by sea also became faster and safer when the first steamships were built.People began to travel more to far away countries.
The 20th century saw cars become more and more popular among ordinary people.Planes were made larger,so ticket prices dropped and more people used them.
Thus tourism grew.In 1949,Russian journalist Vladimir Raitz started a company called Horizon Holidays.The company organizes everything—plane tickets,hotel rooms,even food—and tourists pay for it all before they leave home.The package tour and modern tourist industry was born.
The first travel agency in China was set up as early as 1949.But tourism did not take off until 1978.In 2002,the industry was worth 500 billion yuan and became an important part of China’s social development.

  1. 1.

    In the early times,the travelers ________.

    1. A.
      all came from Roman
    2. B.
      were very young and strong
    3. C.
      had lots of money
    4. D.
      traveled by boat
  2. 2.

    ________ played the most important role in the tourism development.

    1. A.
      Education
    2. B.
      Money
    3. C.
      Transportation
    4. D.
      People’s ideas
  3. 3.

    Modern tourism was born ________.

    1. A.
      in 1949
    2. B.
      in Roman times
    3. C.
      in the early 17th century
    4. D.
      in the 19th century
  4. 4.

    The underlined phrase“take off”means ________.

    1. A.
      a plane rising into the air
    2. B.
      develop very fast
    3. C.
      remove hats and clothes
    4. D.
      bring down the prices

Most schools forbid chewing gum, but in a few years they might consider changing that rule. Why? Scientists are finding evidence that gum chewing may be good for your health. It may even help improve your test scores.
This exciting research is just beginning. And in the meantime, companies are also experimenting with adding vitamins, minerals, medicines, and other substances that could give gum the power to cure headaches and fight everything from serious diseases to bad breath.
Other researchers are finding that gum might work better than a pill to deliver medicines and other substances into the bloodstream. That’s because the lining (膜) of our cheeks can absorb certain substances more quickly than our stomachs and intestines (肠) can.
That discovery could help other researchers develop medicine-containing gums that fight colds, ease headaches, battle nervousness, and more. Scientists might even create antimicrobial (抗菌的) gums that cure bad breath.
Those projects may take years, but gum scientists have already had at least one recent success: They’ve created a gum that could help us stay awake.
Researchers have produced a gum called Stay Alert. Each stick has as much caffeine as a cup of coffee. It can take an hour for the caffeine in coffee to have its full effect, but the caffeine in Stay Alert hits in just a few minutes.
The gum is easy to transport and it’s stable in cold and hot climates. Unlike a pill, it doesn’t require water to swallow. Those qualities make it easy for soldiers to use.
For now, Stay Alert is available only to the military (军队). The manufacturer may one day offer it for sale to the public. People who work at night, such as truck drivers and medical personnel who ride in ambulances, might benefit from a product like Stay Alert.

  1. 1.

    The passage mainly talks about _____.

    1. A.
      the rule of forbidding chewing gum in school
    2. B.
      new research on chewing gum
    3. C.
      different kinds of chewing gum
    4. D.
      the relationship between chewing gum and medicine
  2. 2.

    What does the underlined word “hits” in Paragraph 6 probably mean?

    1. A.
      Touches.
    2. B.
      Attacks.
    3. C.
      Takes effect.
    4. D.
      Affects badly.
  3. 3.

    According to the passage, Stay Alert is a gum which can help people _____.

    1. A.
      stay awake
    2. B.
      fight colds
    3. C.
      cure headaches
    4. D.
      overcome nervousness
  4. 4.

    It can be inferred from the passage that _____.

    1. A.
      stay Alert is not easy to store
    2. B.
      stay Alert needs water to swallow
    3. C.
      stay Alert is available to the public now
    4. D.
      we can’t buy gums that cure bad breath now

With the development of society and economy, animals and their habitats are getting pushed aside as households decrease in size and increase in number.
Small numbers of people per household on average use more energy and goods per person. Greater numbers of households require more natural resources for construction. The possible result of this problem may be insufficient natural resources to meet consumer demand without endangering habitats important to biodiversity.
Personal freedom and social choice may come at huge environmental cost. Direct costs include visible damage to animal habitats and plant life. Indirect costs include the release of more greenhouse gases.
The effects of such “personal freedom and social choice” have already surfaced in south-west China’s Wolong Nature Reserve. In Wolong, they found that a reduced average household size was directly tied to an increase in homes, and thus an increase in the amount of firewood consumed for cooking and heating. The rise in wood fuel use has contributed to disappearance of forests and to the loss of habitats for giant pandas. 
Curious about whether other parts of the world were experiencing similar phenomena, they got the support of a team of researchers including Stanford’s Paul Ehrlich, well-known for his population studies, to find out the household dynamics in 141 countries between 1985 and 2000. Their study proved that the difficult choice of Wolong is part of a global trend.
In the 76 countries considered biodiversity “hotspots”, such as the United States, Brazil, Australia, and Kenya, the number of households grew by 3.1% every year, while the population increased just 1.8%. Meanwhile, the number of people per home dropped from 4.7 to 4.0. The decline in household size has resulted in 155 million additional households in hotspot countries, almost always limiting biodiversity.
In the 10 non-hotspot countries — those without high-density areas of animal and plant species — similar results were found, though on a lesser scale. Even in countries experiencing population decline, such as New Zealand, the number of households still increased because of a reduction in household size.

  1. 1.

    What does the underlined word “insufficient” mean?

    1. A.
      Plenty of.
    2. B.
      Not enough.
    3. C.
      Abundant.
    4. D.
      Little.
  2. 2.

    It can be learned from the passage that China’s Wolong Nature Reserve_____

    1. A.
      is facing the same threat as many other parts of the world
    2. B.
      sets a good example in protecting animals
    3. C.
      is a place where giant pandas and their habitats are not affected
    4. D.
      is a place where animals and their habitats are seriously damaged
  3. 3.

    Which of the following is best supported by the last two paragraphs?

    1. A.
      Biodiversity is better kept in countries with smaller populations.
    2. B.
      Biodiversity is better kept in hotspot countries.
    3. C.
      The threat to nature from reduction in household size is a worldwide problem.
    4. D.
      Both hotspot countries and non-hotspot countries face the threat of the same scale.
  4. 4.

    What does the passage mainly talk about?

    1. A.
      Reduced household size leads to an increase in household number.
    2. B.
      Modern homes consume more natural resources.
    3. C.
      How to meet consumer demand without endangering animals and their habitats.
    4. D.
      Reduction in household size as well as increase in household number threatens nature.

Ibrahim became disabled after contracting polio (小儿麻痹症) when he was three years old. At first his parents, like many other parents of disabled children in Niger, did not want to send him to school. They were worried he would be laughed at by his classmates.  
Despite his disability, and his parents’ doubts, Ibrahim was determined to go to school. “When I was eight,” Ibrahim says, “other kids of my age were going to school while I stayed at home. I did not like that. So, I pestered (缠着) my parents until they finally let me go to school.”
Ibrahim’s parents sent him to a private school nearby. Although the journey to and from school was a short one, it still wasn’t easy for Ibrahim. He had to use his hands to help him move along, protecting them with plastic slippers. But at least he was getting an education.
However, after only a year in school, Ibrahim’s education was interrupted when his parents separated. His mother did not have the means to continue paying for his tuition.
In 2007, Ibrahim received some money to be fitted with a leg brace (支架), corrective shoes and his first pair of crutches (拐杖). Now that he was more mobile than before, the most important thing for him was to find a way to go back to school. 
“I wanted to start school again last October,” Ibrahim says. “After my mother told me she could not afford it, I went to visit some of my relatives for support. And I collected 5,000 francs CFA (US $8) to pay my tuition for half a year. I will find the rest of the money somehow.”
Ibrahim attends a school in which he is the only disabled student. According to his teacher, he is among the top five students in a class of 55.

  1. 1.

    Why did Ibrahim’s parents prefer Ibrahim to stay at home? 

    1. A.
      There was a lot of housework for him to do.
    2. B.
      They had no money to pay for his tuition.
    3. C.
      There were not enough schools in the country.
    4. D.
      They were afraid the students would make fun of him.
  2. 2.

    How did Ibrahim go to school before his parents separated? 

    1. A.
      He went to school on his wheelchair.
    2. B.
      He went to school on his parents’ bicycle.
    3. C.
      He walked to school with the support of his hands.
    4. D.
      He walked to school using a pair of crutches.
  3. 3.

    Ibrahim’s education was interrupted because of his _____.

    1. A.
      parents’ doubts
    2. B.
      lack of tuition
    3. C.
      physical disability
    4. D.
      terrible mood
  4. 4.

    The best title for the passage might be _____.

    1. A.
      A long way to go
    2. B.
      Determined to learn
    3. C.
      The only disabled student
    4. D.
      I did not like that

The food we eat seems to have great effects on our health. Although science has made great steps in making food more fit to eat, it has, at the same time, made many foods unfit to eat. Some research has shown that perhaps eighty percent of all human illnesses are related to diet and forty percent of cancer is related to diet as well. Different cultures are subject to certain illnesses because of the food that is characteristic in these cultures. That food is related to illness is not a new discovery.
In 1945, government researchers realized that nitrates(硝酸盐) and nitrites(亚硝酸盐), commonly used to keep color in meats, and other food additives, caused cancer. Yet, these additives remain in our food, and it becomes more difficult all the time to know which things on the packaging labels(标签) of processed food are helpful or harmful. The additives which we eat are not all so direct. Farmers often give penicillin to cows and chick and because of this, penicillin has been found in the milk of treated cows.
Sometimes similar drugs are given to animals not for medicinal purposes, but for financial reasons. The farmers are simply trying to fatten the animals in order to get a higher price on the market. Although the FDA has tried repeatedly to control these, the practices continue.

  1. 1.

    How has science done a bad service to mankind?

    1. A.
      Diseases caused by food have been done away with.
    2. B.
      It has caused a lack of information about the value of food.
    3. C.
      Some harmful materials have been added to our food.
    4. D.
      Scientists have made food more expensive to eat.
  2. 2.

    What are nitrates used for?

    1. A.
      They help process packaged food.
    2. B.
      They keep the color in meats.
    3. C.
      They cure diseases of cows and chickens.
    4. D.
      They cause the animals to become fatter.
  3. 3.

    Which of the following statements is NOT true?

    1. A.
      You can find out harmful additives on the packaging labels of food.
    2. B.
      Drugs given to animals are not all for medical reasons.
    3. C.
      Researchers knew about the harm of food additives about 60 years ago.
    4. D.
      Food may cause forty percent of cancer in the world.
  4. 4.

    According to the passage, the FDA might be _________.

    1. A.
      an organization which controls the safety of food
    2. B.
      a producer which makes additives
    3. C.
      a factory which processes food
    4. D.
      a hospital which cures cancer

On November18, 1995, Itzhak Perlman, the world famous violinist, came on stage to give a concert at Lincoln Centre in New York City. If you have ever been to a Perlman concert, you know that getting on stage is not easy for him. He got polio（小儿麻痹症）as a child, and has to walk with the aid of two crutches（拐杖）now.
That night Perlman walked slowly to his chair. Then he sat down and began to play. But, suddenly, one of the strings on his violin broke. You could hear it break---it broke with a loud noise.
People thought to themselves, “He would have to get up to either find another violin or find another string for this one.”
But he didn’t. Instead, he waited a moment, closed his eyes and then signaled the conductor to begin again. The orchestra（管弦乐队）began, and he played from where he had stopped. He played with such passion and such power.
Of course, everyone knows that it is impossible to play a symphonic work with just three strings. But that night Itzhak Perlman refused to know that. You could see him changing and recomposing（重新作曲）the piece in his head.
When he finished, there was a silence in the room. Then people rose and cheered. We were all on our feet, doing everything we could to show how much we appreciated what he had done.
He smiled and then he said in a quiet tone, “You know, sometimes it is the artist’s task to find out how much music you can make with what you have left.”
His words have stayed in my mind ever since I heard them. That is also the way of life. Perhaps our task in this quickly changing world in which we live is to make music, at first with all that we have, and then, when that is no longer possible, to make music with what we have left.

  1. 1.

    Holding a concert is challenging for Perlman because ______.

    1. A.
      he is just a world famous violinist
    2. B.
      he has never performed on stage before
    3. C.
      he is physically disabled as a result of a disease
    4. D.
      he has difficulty in moving his body
  2. 2.

    When Perlman had just begun playing, ______.

    1. A.
      there was something wrong with the violin
    2. B.
      he fell ill suddenly
    3. C.
      an accident happened and caused a disturbance
    4. D.
      a very loud noise arose from the audience
  3. 3.

    If one of the strings suddenly broke, what would an ordinary player do?

    1. A.
      He would cancel the concert.
    2. B.
      He would play another violin.
    3. C.
      Another performer would play instead.
    4. D.
      The concert would be put off.
  4. 4.

    The audience rose and cheered ______.

    1. A.
      to show they are satisfied with Perlman’s performance
    2. B.
      to thank the orchestra for their passionate performance
    3. C.
      to ask Perlman for another performance
    4. D.
      to express their appreciation of Perlman’s creative mind
  5. 5.

    The lesson we draw from the story is that ______.

    1. A.
      we should make the best of what we have
    2. B.
      what we have is more important than what is lost
    3. C.
      we should not care about what is lost
    4. D.
      the way of life is to always live with music

Kataria is the founder of the worldwide laughter movement. The celebration of world Laughter Day is a positive activity for world peace and is intended to build up a global sense of brotherhood and friendship through laughter. The first “World Laughter Day” gathering took place in Mumbai, India, on 11th January 1998. 12,000 members from India and international Laughter Clubs attended it. Now there are over 5,000 Laughter Clubs worldwide on all 5 continents.
“HAPPY-DEMIC” was the first World Laughter Day gathering outside India. It took place on 9th January 2000. In Copenhagen, Denmark , more than 10,000 people gathered at Town Hall Square. The event went into Guinness Book of World records. “World Laughter Day” is now organized on the first Sunday of May every year. Hundreds of people gather worldwide on that day to laugh together.
Today, many people fear widespread international terrorism. The world has never faced so much unrest before. People are at war within themselves. Laughter is a universal language, which has the ability to unite humanity without religion. Laughter can build a common connection between various religions and create a new world order. The idea may sound over-ambitious (野心太大的), and maybe it is. But maybe it is not. It is our deep belief that laughter and only laughter can unite the world, building up a global sense of brotherhood and friendship.
Studies also say that laughter helps your body do the following: lower blood pressure; lighten depression; reduce stress; work out the heart, especially for those who are unable to perform physical exercise. So in life, when you can laugh, you should laugh loudly and with your entire body—because it’s good for you.

  1. 1.

    The purpose of celebrating World Laughter Day is        .

    1. A.
      to build up a global sense of brotherhood and friendship through laughter
    2. B.
      to build a common connection between various religions
    3. C.
      to reduce stress and lighten depression
    4. D.
      to lower blood pressure
  2. 2.

    The first World Laughter Day gathering outside India took place _      _.

    1. A.
      on llth January 1998
    2. B.
      on the first Sunday of May
    3. C.
      on 9th January 1996
    4. D.
      on 9th January 2000
  3. 3.

    The author's attitude towards laughter movement is      .

    1. A.
      positive
    2. B.
      negative
    3. C.
      uninterested
    4. D.
      objective
  4. 4.

    The passage is mainly about _______.                           

    1. A.
      World Laughter Day and its significance（重要意义）
    2. B.
      the worldwide laughter movement
    3. C.
      a universal language
    4. D.
      laughter

In cities with rent control, the city government sets the maximum(highest) rent that a landlord can charge for an apartment. Supporters of rent control argue that it protects people who are living in apartments. Their rent cannot increase; therefore, they are not in danger of losing their homes. However, the critics say that after a long time, rent control may have negative effects. Landlords know that they cannot increase their profits. Therefore, they invest in other businesses where they can increase their profits(利润). They do not invest（投资） in new buildings which would also be rent—controlled. As a result, new apartments are not built. Many people who need apartments cannot find any. According to the critics, the result of rent control is a shortage of apartments in the city.
Some theorists argue that the minimum（lowest） wage law can cause problems in the same way. The federal（联邦） government sets the minimum that an employer must pay workers. The minimum helps people who generally look for unskilled, low—paying jobs. However, if the minimum is high, employers may hire fewer workers. They will replace workers with machinery. Therefore, other things being equal, the number of workers that employers want decreases. Thus, critics claim, an increase in the minimum wage may cause unemployment. Some poor people may find themselves without jobs instead of with jobs at the minimum wage.
Supporters of the minimum wage say that it helps people keep their dignity. Because of the law, workers cannot sell their services for less than the minimum. Furthermore, employers cannot force workers to accept jobs at unfair wages.
Economic theory predicts the results of economic decisions such as decisions about farm production, rent control, and the minimum wage. The predictions may be correct only if “other things are equal”. Economists do not agree on some of the predictions. They also do not agree on the value of different decisions. Some economists support a particular decision while others criticize it. Economists do agree, however, that there are no simple answers to economic questions.

  1. 1.

    There is the possibility that setting maximum rent may           .

    1. A.
      cause a shortage of apartments
    2. B.
      worry those who rent apartments as homes
    3. C.
      increase the profits of landlords
    4. D.
      encourage landlords to invest in building apartment
  2. 2.

    According to the critics, rent control             .

    1. A.
      will always benefit those who rent apartments
    2. B.
      is totally unnecessary
    3. C.
      will eventually bring negative effects
    4. D.
      is necessary at any time
  3. 3.

    Some theorists believe the problem of unemployment will arise           .

    1. A.
      if the minimum wage is set too high
    2. B.
      if the minimum wage is set too low
    3. C.
      if the workers are unskilled
    4. D.
      if the maximum wage is set
  4. 4.

    Which of the following statements is NOT true?

    1. A.
      The results of economic decisions can not always be predicted.
    2. B.
      Minimum wage can not always protect employees.
    3. C.
      Economic theory can predict the results of economic decisions if other factors are not changing.
    4. D.
      Economic decisions should not be based on economic theory.
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