In many ways, the earliest periods of photography are the most satisfying. Learning to use the controls is easy and comes quickly, and you can measure the results in terms of sharp and correctly developed pictures. Once you have mastered that, you can start on the second step of your photographic work. Using these basic skills in the wide variety of situations to give the pictures you want, noticing what you see through the viewfinder and turning that into the most effective picture becomes totally interesting.
All good photographs have one thing in common: there is no doubt what the subject of the picture is meant to be. Every photographer must use those same standards to his or her work, not only to finished results but to the subject before he or she takes it. Always work out quite clearly what the subject of the picture is to be and why you are taking the picture. For example, "I am going to take a picture of this street to show the different styles and ages of the buildings and that people have been living, working and shopping in them since time began." By doing this you have a better idea of what to include in the picture and what to leave out. How often have you been shown photographs taken by people away on a trip somewhere? The judgment is always similar, something about "the car park is out of the picture to the left", or "you can't quite see from this picture but if you go up the street". The photographs are usually collections of buildings, people, parked cars, possibly a distant look of an ancient church, and best of all, a figure which you are told is Aunt Henrietta, disappearing in the middle distance. When photographers show you their pictures, they have a clear idea of what they want to bring to your attention, but it often does not appear in the picture. If they had given just a little of their time to think about their future judgment before taking the picture, then the picture would relate its own story. Good pictures can show their subjects quickly and easily.

  1. 1.

    What does the author mean by saying "in many ways, the earliest periods of photography are the most satisfying"?

    1. A.
      The skills of photography are not as satisfactory nowadays as before.
    2. B.
      The earliest pictures were the best pictures people have ever taken.
    3. C.
      The present-day photography depends more on technology than on art.
    4. D.
      Learning to produce a sharp and correctly developed picture is only the first step in photography and is easily learned.
  2. 2.

    What will it bring you if you decide the purpose of the photograph in advance?

    1. A.
      It will allow you to leave out unnecessary material.
    2. B.
      It will allow you to stand in the best place.
    3. C.
      It will help you to vary the subjects of your pictures.
    4. D.
      It means you will waste less time.
  3. 3.

    Many photographers fail because ______.

    1. A.
      their pictures include both buildings and people    
    2. B.
      everything is not clear in their pictures
    3. C.
      the subjects of their pictures are not obvious
    4. D.
      the explanation given for their pictures is mistaken
  4. 4.

    What book is this passage most likely taken from?

    1. A.
      A book on photography for news reporters.  
    2. B.
      A book on how to photograph people.
    3. C.
      A book on choosing the right camera.           
    4. D.
      A book on improving photographic techniques.

As soon as you meet, or even see, a person, you form an impression of him based on his posture, gestures and facial expressions. This is why it is important to make a good first impression on the person who will be interviewing you. Within the first 60 seconds of meeting you, the interviewer will have formed an impression about what type of person you are and what kind of employee you would become, and 55% of this will be based only on your body language. Here are some tips to make that impression a good one.
First of all, relax. Think positive thoughts and you are more likely to come across as a positive, confident person during the interview. Dress smartly, as your appearance is one of the first things an interviewer will notice you. Stand up straight, and walk in with your shoulders back and your head up. Try to avoid slowing down as you walk into the room because this suggests fear and uncertainty. Shake hands with the interviewer firmly. You should have a positive handshake and a warm smile. Opening your coat or jacket as you sit down shows that you, too, are open.
Posture is important. You should be sitting well back in your seat. Sit up straight and lean forward slightly, but not too much. Sitting at too much of an angle (角度) expresses discomfort and distrust. Tow of the most common defensive (防卫的) signals are crossing your arms and legs, so try to avoid them.
Another important issue is eye contact. Looking someone in the eye shows confidence in yourself and trust in the other person. However, don’t overdo it, as too much eye contact or staring will make the other person uncomfortable. Use more eye contact when listening than when talking, and when you look away, look down. Looking up at the ceiling will make you seem bored or rude.

  1. 1.

    The purpose of the first paragraph is to tell readers ______.

    1. A.
      what a good first impression is
    2. B.
      how to make a good first impression
    3. C.
      how long it takes to make a first impression
    4. D.
      the importance of making a good first impression
  2. 2.

    Which of the following does the author advise you to do when you are being interviewed?

    1. A.
      Cross your arms or legs
    2. B.
      Open your coat or jacket when sitting down
    3. C.
      Go into the room more slowly than usual
    4. D.
      Avoid looking at the eyes of the interviewer directly
  3. 3.

    If you lean forward too much, it means ______.

    1. A.
      you are very bored
    2. B.
      you are too nervous
    3. C.
      you don’t have confidence
    4. D.
      you don’t trust others
  4. 4.

    What is the best title for the text?

    1. A.
      How to use body language to win an interview
    2. B.
      How to answer questions in an interview
    3. C.
      How to understand body language
    4. D.
      How to deal with an interviewer

My husband, Micheal, and I were at a restaurant with his boss, a rather stern(严厉的) elderly man. When Micheal began a story I was sure he had told before, I gave him a kick under the table. There was no response, so I gave him another kick. Still the story went on. Suddenly he stopped and said with a smile, “Oh, but I’ve told you this one before, haven’t I ?” We all chuckled and changed the subject.
Later, on the dance floor, I asked my husband why it had taken him so long to get my message. “What do you mean?” he replied. “I cut off the story as soon as you kicked me.”
“But I kicked you twice, and it still took you a while to stop!”
Suddenly we realized what had happened and returned to our table. The boss smiled and said, “Don’t worry. After the second one I thought it wasn’t for me, so I passed it along!”

  1. 1.

    The writer kicked her husband because __________.

    1. A.
      she didn’t like him
    2. B.
      she didn’t like stories
    3. C.
      he was telling a story he had told before
    4. D.
      the story he told was not interesting
  2. 2.

    What can be inferred from the text?

    1. A.
      Micheal was kicked three times.
    2. B.
      Micheal kicked the boss.
    3. C.
      The boss was kicked twice
    4. D.
      The boss kicked the author.
  3. 3.

    They all chuckled because __________.

    1. A.
      they kicked each other
    2. B.
      they changed the subject in the end
    3. C.
      they were all satisfied with the dinner
    4. D.
      they all thought each of them had done something interesting
  4. 4.

    It took Micheal so long to stop his story because __________.

    1. A.
      he wanted to finish the whole story
    2. B.
      he got a kick only after a long while
    3. C.
      he didn’t understand at once why he was kicked
    4. D.
      the two kicks given were not heavy enough

We can make mistakes at any age. Some mistakes we make are about money. But most mistakes are about people. “Did Jerry really care when I broke up with Helen?” “When I got that great job, did Jim really feel good about it, as a friend? Or did he envy my luck?” “And Paul-why didn’t pick up that he was friendly just because I had a car?” When we look back, doubts like these can make us feel bad. But when we look back， It’s too late.
Why do we go wrong about our friends – or our enemies? Sometimes what people say hides their real meaning. And if we don’t really listen we miss the feeling behind the words. Suppose someone tells you， “You’re a lucky dog .” that’s being friendly. But “lucky dog”? There’s a bit of envy in those words. Maybe he doesn’t see it himself. But bringing in the “dog” bit puts you down a little. What he may be saying is that he doesn’t think you deserve your luck.
“Just think of all the things you have to be thankful for ” is another noise that says one thing and means another. It could mean that the speaker is trying to get you to see your problem as part of your life as a whole. But is he? Wrapped up in this phrase is the thought that your problem isn’t important. It’s telling you to think of all the starving people in the world when you haven’t got a date for Saturday night.
How can you tell the real meaning behind someone’s words? One way is to take a good look at the person talking. Do his words fit the way he looks? Does what he says agree with the tone of voice? His posture? The look in his eyes? Stop and think. The minute you spend thinking about the real meaning of what people say to you may save another mistake.

  1. 1.

    This passage is mainly about           .

    1. A.
      how to interpret what people say
    2. B.
      what to do when you listen to others talking
    3. C.
      how to avoid mistakes when you communicate with people
    4. D.
      Why we go wrong with people sometimes
  2. 2.

    According to the author，the reason why we go wrong about our friends is that          .

    1. A.
      We fail to listen carefully when they talk
    2. B.
      People tend to be annoyed when we check what they say
    3. C.
      People usually state one thing but means another
    4. D.
      We tend to doubt what our friends say
  3. 3.

    In the sentence “Maybe he doesn’t see it himself” in the second paragraph，the pronoun “it “refers to          .  

    1. A.
      being friendly
    2. B.
      a bit of envy
    3. C.
      lucky dog
    4. D.
      your luck
  4. 4.

    When we listen to a person talking, the most important thing for us to do is       .

    1. A.
      notice the way the person is talking
    2. B.
      take a good look at the person talking
    3. C.
      mind his tone，his posture and the look in his eyes
    4. D.
      examine the real meaning of what he says based on his manner, his tone and his posture
  5. 5.

    The author most probably is a          .

    1. A.
      teacher
    2. B.
      philosopher
    3. C.
      psychologist
    4. D.
      doctor

When did you last see a polar bear? On a trip to a zoo, perhaps? If you had attended a winter activity in New York a few years ago, you would have seen a whole polar bear club. These "Polar Bears" are people who meet frequently in the winter to swim in freezing cold water. That day, the air temperature was 3℃, and the water temperature was a bit higher. The members of the Polar Bear Club at Coney Island, New York are usually about the age of 60. Members must satisfy two requirements. First, they must get along well with everyone else in the group. This is very important because there are so many different kinds of people in the club. Polar Bears must also agree to swim outdoors at least twice a month from November through February.
Doctors do not agree about the medical effects of cold-water swimming. Some are worried about the dangers of a condition in which the body's temperature drops so low that finally the heart stops. Other doctors, however, point out that there is more danger of a heart attack during summer swimming because the difference between the air temperature and water temperature is much greater in summer than in winter.
The Polar Bears themselves are satisfied with the benefits (or advantages) of cold-water swimming. They say that their favorite form of exercise is very good for the circulatory system（循环系统）because it forces the blood to move fast to keep the body warm. Cold-water swimmers usually turn bright red after a few minutes in the water. A person who turns blue probably has a very poor circulatory system and should not try cold-water swimming.
The main benefits (or advantages) of cold-water swimming are probably mental. The Polar Bears love to swim year-round; they find it fun and relaxing. As one 70-year-old woman says. "When I go into the water, I pour my troubles into the ocean and let them float away."

  1. 1.

    The members of the Polar Bear Club must meet the following requirements except that
    __________.

    1. A.
      they must reach the age of 60
    2. B.
      they should be easy to make friends with
    3. C.
      they must swim outdoors at least 8 times in the four cold months
    4. D.
      they must agree to swim outdoors from November through February
  2. 2.

    Doctors __________.

    1. A.
      encourage people to take part in cold-water swimming actively
    2. B.
      point out the possible danger of blood illness during cold-water swimming
    3. C.
      believe swimming is helpful both in winter and in summer
    4. D.
      have different ideas about the medical effects of cold-water swimming
  3. 3.

    According to the passage, some doctors believe it is true that __________.

    1. A.
      you are healthy if cold-water swimming turns your skin color blue
    2. B.
      cold-water swimming causes more heart attacks in summer than in winter
    3. C.
      cold-water swimming can make the body temperature dangerously high
    4. D.
      Polar Bears are bears swimming in freezing water
  4. 4.

    The Polar Bears like to swim all the year round, for __________.

    1. A.
      they can remain young
    2. B.
      it is an easy way to keep the body warm in winter
    3. C.
      they find it enjoyable and interesting
    4. D.
      they might meet fewer troubles in life
  5. 5.

    The passage is mainly about __________.

    1. A.
      a group of cold-water swimming lovers
    2. B.
      the polar bears' life
    3. C.
      doctors' ideas about cold-water swimming
    4. D.
      the requirements of the Polar Bear Club

In recent years, many office supply companies have begun to sell adjustable desks.These so-called "sit / stand" models are equipped with an electric motor that lets them shift from chair height to person height at the push of a button.Unfortunately, sit / stand desks tend to be expensive, hard to find and not very easy to test in person.
I discovered that when I worked standing up, my mind was clearer and new ideas kept coming to me.I suspect that this is because when you're standing, you feel a bit unchained from your desk.If I got stuck on a word or sentence as I wrote it, I found myself shaking my arms, bouncing （跳） on my feet or stepping away from the desk for a bit — things I couldn't do in a chair.Often, standing up seemed to relax my mind enough for me to get over creative barriers.
There's another thing about standing for a long time: I tend to get hungrier than I do when I sit on a chair.That feels like confirmation（证实） of the stand-up advocates’ belief that you burn more calories when you stand than when you sit.For this reason alone, I' m hoping that one day mass-market furniture companies can make many low-priced versions of sit / stand desks.We could all work with a bit more standing up.

  1. 1.

    The author likes standing up while working because __________.

    1. A.
      he wants to show that he has a lot of courage
    2. B.
      researchers say standing makes one healthier
    3. C.
      he intends to catch up the fashion trend
    4. D.
      he hopes to improve his work and relax himself
  2. 2.

    It can be inferred from the text that   ________.

    1. A.
      adjustable desks are mass-produced now
    2. B.
      adjustable desks are easy to operate
    3. C.
      cheaper adjustable desks will soon be available
    4. D.
      adjustable desks can be tried out easily
  3. 3.

    What is the main idea of the text?

    1. A.
      Standing up at work is a better choice.
    2. B.
      Standing up at work takes courage.
    3. C.
      Standing up at work burns more calories.
    4. D.
      Standing up at work will replace traditional sitting.

American parents usually think that their child should not have more pocket money than the children with whom he regularly connects, even if they are wealthier.But neither are children expected to compare with the richer if a large family, heavy responsibilities, or other conditions make it necessary to give a child less spending money than is customary （惯例的）in the neighborhood.
Whatever the pocket money is, its entire use is not controlled by the parents, because a child learns to use money correctly only through dealing with it himself.If a seven-year-old child gets a quarter as a week pocket money and is made to put it all in his piggy bank to save it up, he gets no idea what the real use for the money is.He gets the shiny coins and they soon disappear.
The idea of a bank account is too early for so small a child, although he can be made to understand and enjoy saving his coins—not all of them, only a part of what he receives—to buy something he especially wants.By the time he is eight he is old enough to take part in the opening of his own savings account, parents may take him to the bank, open a savings account for him and encourage him to put a certain quantity or any checks he receives as gifts into the bank and watch his bank savings grow as entry by entry（存入） is made.
He will be saving, earning, and spending suitable quantities all along in order to learn how to manage money and to keep him in a favorable position with his friend.The boy who can't join his fellows in a sweet shop once in a while, because he has to save every cent he gets or earns for some big unknown project his parents have chosen for him, is a sorry child.

  1. 1.

    Choose the best exolaration for the underlined part in the second paragraph.

    1. A.
      It is a kind of bank run by children.
    2. B.
      It is a contralre in the shape of a pig for saving coins.
    3. C.
      It is a certain place in which pigs are raise.
    4. D.
      It is a bank whose building looks like a pig
  2. 2.

    Which of the following statements is TRUE?

    1. A.
      Most of the rich people in America give children much pocket money.
    2. B.
      American children usually have their bank accounts until they are eight.
    3. C.
      American parents seldom care for their children's spending money.
    4. D.
      American children begin to learn how to manage money when very young.
  3. 3.

    Suppose an 8-year-old child receives 10 dollars as his birthday gift, he may probably ____.

    1. A.
      spend the money on the things he wants
    2. B.
      compare the gift with that of his friend
    3. C.
      have most of it saved in the bank
    4. D.
      put all the money in his piggy bank
  4. 4.

    Why does the writer think the boy is a sorry one if he saves every cent he gets or earns?

    1. A.
      Because he can not manage his money and is kept himself in an unfavorable position
    2. B.
      Because he can not join the fellows in a sweet shop once in a while
    3. C.
      Because he can not learn the use of money through spending it himself
    4. D.
      Because he can not have any other choice but save, earn of spend money

There is a wonderful story about a young girl who had no family and no one to love her.
One day, feeling very sad and lonely, she was walking through a grassland when she noticed a small butterfly caught in a thorn （荆棘） bush. The young girl carefully released the butterfly. Instead of flying away, the little butterfly changed into a beautiful fairy. The young girl rubbed her eyes in disbelief.
“For your wonderful kindness,” the good fairy said to the girl, “I will give you any wish you would like.” The little girl thought for a moment and then replied, “I want to be happy.”
The fairy leaned toward her and whispered in her ear. Then the fairy disappeared.
As the little girl grew up, there was no one in the land as happy as she. Everyone asked her secret of happiness .She would only smile and answer, “The secret of my happiness is that I listened to a good fairy when I was a little girl.”
When she was very old and on her deathbed, the neighbors all gathered around her, and feared that her unbelievable secret of happiness would die with her. “Tell us, please,” they begged, “Tell us what the good fairy said.” The lovely old woman simply smiled and said, “She told me that everyone, no matter how secure they seemed, no matter how old or young, how rich or poor, had need of me.”

  1. 1.

    ______ the girl felt sad and lonely

    1. A.
      There were many friends but
    2. B.
      There was nobody to love her so
    3. C.
      There was nothing to do
    4. D.
      Seeing the butterfly was caught
  2. 2.

    Noticing the butterfly was caught by the thorn, the orphan girl ______

    1. A.
      helped the butterfly escaped from the thorn
    2. B.
      felt sorrow,but she didn’t go up to help it
    3. C.
      fell down on it too
    4. D.
      failed to help it release from the thorn
  3. 3.

    The only thing that the little girl wanted was________

    1. A.
      to be rich
    2. B.
      to have her own parents
    3. C.
      to have a lot of friends
    4. D.
      happiness
  4. 4.

    The neighbors all gathered around the old happy woman when she was dying, because ______

    1. A.
      they loved this woman deeply and they didn’t wanted her to die
    2. B.
      the woman had lots of money to be shared as soon as she died
    3. C.
      they wanted to know the secret of her lifetime happiness
    4. D.
      they wanted to pray for her after her death

In the United States, train transportation is unpopular compared with cars and airplanes. Most people like traveling by car or by air.
Officials of the United States Department of Transportation made a study in 2001. The study is about how many miles Americans traveled by different means of transportation. They only studied trips longer than 50 miles. The study showed that fifty-six percent of all miles were traveled in personal vehicle. Forty-one percent were traveled in an airplane. Two percent were traveled in a bus. And less than one percent of miles were traveled in a train.
Amtrak is the national provider of train transportation in the United States. In the past ten years, the number of its passengers has increased by eighteen percent. Although the number of passengers has increased, it is still very small now. In countries such as France, Germany, or Japan, more people use trains.
There are several reasons why many people __________________________.
Firstly, Americans love to drive their own cars. On highways, cars can travel as fast as trains. These highways connect all major cities in America.Secondly, many travelers like to be independent. When they use their own cars they can decide when to travel. Thirdly, many buses travel between major cities. Bus travel is less costly than train travel.
In a huge country like the United States, cities are far away from each other. In some cases, travel from one city to another by train may take more than a day. Airplanes can carry passengers over long distances much faster. People who do not want to spend long time traveling by train decide to fly. For these people saving time is the most important thing.

  1. 1.

    What is the best title of the passage? (Please answer within 10 words.)

  2. 2.

    Which sentence in the passage can be replaced by the following one?
    It’s convenient for people to decide the start-off time when they travel in their own cars.

  3. 3.

    Please fill in the blank in the fourth paragraph with proper words or phrases to complete the sentence.( Please answer within 10 words.)

  4. 4.

    What means of transportation do you like best when traveling, trains, cars, or planes? Why? (Please answer within 30 words)

  5. 5.

    Translate the underlined sentences in the last paragraph into Chinese.

Quit while you're ahead
I am one of those people who are terrible at saying no.I take on too many projects at once, and spend too much of my time doing things I'd rather not be doing.I get work done, but it's not always the best I can do, or the best way I could spend my time.
That's why my newest goal, both as a professional and a person, is to be a quitter.
Being a quitter isn't being someone who gives up, who doesn't see important things through to the end.I aspire （渴望?） to be the opposite of that.The quitter I want to be is someone who gets out when there's no value in what he's doing, or when that value comes at the expense of something more important.
A friend of mine once told me, "I knew I was an adult when I could stop reading a book, even after getting 500 pages into it." Strange though it sounds, we all tend to do this.We get involved in something, realize we don't want to be a part of it, but keep on going.We say "Well, I've already invested so much time in this, I might as well stick it out."
I propose the opposite: quit as often as possible, regardless of project status or time invested.If you're reading a book, and don't like it, stop reading.Cut your losses, realize that the smartest thing to do is to stop before your losses grow even more, and quit.Instead of reading an entire book you hate, read half of a bad one and half of a good one.Isn't that a better use of your time?
Step back for a second.Let's learn how to say "no" at the beginning, or in the middle, and free up more of our time to do the things we'd like to be doing, and the things actually worth doing. Saying no is hard, and admitting a mistaken yes is even harder.If we do both, we'll start to make sure that we're spending our time creating value, rather than increasing our losses.Let's be quitters together.

  1. 1.

    The author wants to be a quitter, because he _____.

    1. A.
      hopes to improve his personality
    2. B.
      wishes to have more time for relaxation
    3. C.
      expects to make more efficient use of his time
    4. D.
      has found it hard to do several things at one time
  2. 2.

    In what circumstances does the author suggest quitting is a good idea?

    1. A.
      When you feel tired and need a rest.
    2. B.
      When you know a task cannot be finished.
    3. C.
      When you meet with difficulties along the way in your life.
    4. D.
      When you realize what you are doing is not worth the time.
  3. 3.

    If you stop reading a book you hate, the author might think that ______.

    1. A.
      you are wise to cut your losses
    2. B.
      it's a pity that you have wasted so much time
    3. C.
      you should finish a book that you have started
    4. D.
      you should regret choosing the wrong book
  4. 4.

    The message the author tries to convey is to ______.

    1. A.
      learn to say no
    2. B.
      live your life to the fullest
    3. C.
      create more value
    4. D.
      stop doing many things at once
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