A scientist who developed a way to calculate how much water is used in the production of anything from a cup of coffee to a hamburger was awarded the 2008 Stockholm Water Prize.

Professor John Anthony Allan of the University of London in Britain won the award for introducing the idea of “virtual water (虚拟水)”, a calculation method that has changed the nature of trade policy and research.

Allan has written seven books and published more than 100 papers.

The Stockholm International Water Institute said this idea is now embedded (埋藏) in the production of foods and industrial products. The institute said Allan’s work had made a big effect on global trade policy and research, especially in water-scarce (缺水的) regions.

“The improved understanding of trade and water management issues on local, regional and global scales are of the highest value for the successful and sustainable (可持续的) use of water resources,” it said.

“People do not only use water when they drink it or take a shower,” the institute said. “Behind the morning cup of coffee, there are 140 liters of water that was used to grow, produce, package and ship the beans.” That is about as much water as a person in England uses on average for all daily drinking and household needs.

“For a single hamburger, about 2,400 liters of water are needed. In the USA, the average person uses nearly 7,000 liters of virtual water every day.” It said that was more than three times the average use of a Chinese person.

49.Allan was awarded the prize because _______.

A. he wrote seven books on trade policy

B. he published more than 100 papers on water management

C. he found a new kind of water in water-scarce areas

D. he came up with the idea of virtual water

50.Which of the following is TRUE according to the passage?

A. The average American uses about 7,000 liters of water a day.

B. The average Chinese uses nearly 2,300 liters of virtual water a day.

C. An Englishman usually drinks about 140 liters of coffee a day.

D. A hamburger usually contains about 2,400 liters of water.

51.What do we learn about John Anthony Allan from the passage?

A. He won the 2008 Nobel Prize.        B. He has written over 100 books.

C. He works at the University of London.             D. He lives in the USA.

52.What effect does the idea of virtual water have?

A. It helps us realize the importance of trade.   

B. It helps people do successful business.

C. It helps us make use of water scientifically. 

D. It tells us how much water we use a day.

There have been great changes in the lives of women. During the twentieth century ,there was an unusual shortening of the time of a woman’s life spent in caring for children. A woman marrying at the end of the 19th century would probably have been in her middle twenties, and would be likely to have about eight children, of whom about five lived till they were five years old. By the time the youngest was fifteen, the mother would have been in her early fifties and would expect to live a further twenty years, during which custom, chance and health made it unusual for her to get paid work. Today women marry younger and have fewer children. Usually a woman’s youngest child will be fifteen when she is forty-five and is likely to take paid work until retirement at sixty. Even while she has the care of children, her work is lightened by household appliances(家用电器) and convenience(方便) foods.

This important change in women’s way of life has only recently begun to have its full effect on women’s economic position. Even a few years ago most girls left school at the first opportunity and most of them took a full-time job. However, when they married, they usually left work at once and never returned to it. Today the school-leaving age is sixteen, many girls stay at school after that age, and though women tend to marry younger, more married women stay at work at least until shortly before their first child is born. Very many more afterwards, return to full or part-time work. Such changes have led to a new relationship in marriage, with both husband and wife accepting a greater share of the duties and satisfaction of family life, and with both husband and wife sharing more equally in providing the money and running the home, according to the abilities and interest of each them.

45.Women marrying at the end of the 19th century ________.

A. would have fewer children than those today.

B. would have more children than those today.

C. lived as hard as those in the 20th century

D. lived more comfortably than those in the 20th century

46. According to the passage, a woman in the 19th century would likely to have about eight children and _______.

A. only about three of them could live more than five years old.

B. only about three of them could live for five years.

C. about eight children lived to be more than five years.

D. about eight children lived to be less than five years.

47. From the second paragraph, we know _______.

A. women today are not willing to run their home together with their husbands.

B. women today wouldn’t like to do any housework.

C. women today will return to work after they have their babies.

D. were unlikely to find jobs like the mothers before .

48.According to the passage, which of the following is right ?

A. in the past most women often stay at home after leaving school

B. women today like to marry men younger than themselves

C. women today are playing important parts in work and family life.

D. husbands today needn’t do any work at home.

Children have their own rules in playing games. They seldom need a referee(裁判) and rarely trouble to keep scores. They don’t care much about who wins or loses, and it doesn’t seem to worry them if the game is not finished. Yet, they like games that depend a lot on luck, so that their personal abilities cannot be directly compare. They also enjoyed games that move in stages, in which each stage, the choosing of leaders, the picking-up of sides, or the determining of which side shall start, is almost a game in itself.

Grown-ups can hardly find children’s game exciting, and they often feel puzzled at why their kids play such simple game again and again. However, it is found that a child plays games for very important reasons. He can be a good player without having to think whether he is a popular person, and he can find himself being a useful partner to someone of whom he is ordinary afraid. He becomes a leader when it comes to his turn. He can be confident, too, in particular games, that it is his place to give orders, to pretend to be dead, to throw a ball actually at someone, or to kiss someone he has caught.

It appears to us that when children play a game they imagine a situation under their control. Everyone knows the rules, and more importantly, everyone plays according to the rules. Those rules may be childish, but they make sure that every child has a chance to win.

40.What is true about children when they play games?

  A. They can stop playing any time they like.  B. They can test their personal abilities.

  C. They want to pick a better team.     D. They don’t need rules.

41.To become a leader in a game the child has to _____.

  A. play           B. wait for his turn

  C. be confident in himself   D. be popular among his playmates

42.What do we know about grown-ups?

  A. They are not interested in games 

B. They find children’s games too easy

  C. They don’t need a reason to play games

  D. They don’t understand children’s games

43. Why does a child like playing games?

  A. Because he can be someone other than himself.

  B. Because he can become popular among friends.

  C. Because he finds he is always lucky in games.

  D. Because he likes the place where he plays a game.

44.The writer believes that _____.

  A. children should make better rules for their games

  B. children should invite grown-ups to play with them

  C. children’s games can do them a lot of good

D. children play games without reasons

Country music is one of the most popular kinds of music in the United States today because it is about simple but strong human feelings and events-love, sadness, good times, and bad times. It tells real-life, stories and sounds the way people really talk. As life becomes more complicated(复杂), it is good to hear music about ordinary people.

Country music, sometimes called country-western, comes from two kinds of music. One is the traditional music of the people in the Appalachian Mountains in the eastern Unite States. The other is traditional cowboy music from the west. The singers usually play guitars, and in the 1920s they started using electric guitars. At first city people said country music was low class. It was popular mostly in the South. But during World War II, thousands of Southerners went to the Northeast and Midwest to work in the factories. They took their music with them. Soldiers from the rest of the country went to army camps(军营)in the South. They learned country music. Slowly it became popular all over the country.

Today country music is also popular everywhere in the United States and Canada—in small towns and in New York City, among black and white, and among educated and uneducated people. About 1, 200 radio stations broadcast country music twenty-four hours a day. English stars sing it in British English, and people in other countries sing it in their own languages. The music that started with cowboys and poor southerners is now popular all over the world.

36. It can be learned from the passage that country music comes from_________-

  A. the Northeast and Midwest

  B. factories and army camps in the South

  C. the Appalachian Mountains and the West

  D. real-life stories in small towns

37. Before World War II country music was popular mainly in________.

  A. the south           B. the north

  C. the Midwest        D. the Northeast

38. During World War II many Southerners went to the Northeast and the Mid-west because____.

  A. they wanted to take music with them

  B. they wanted to make other people like country music

  C. they wanted to work in the factories there

  D. they wanted to make country music popular

39. Which of the following is NOT true according to the passage?       

  A. Country music is about human feelings and events.

  B. Country music is sung by stars all in English.

  C. Country music is popular among city people today.

  D. City people didn’t like country music at first.

Many years ago,I owned a service station and roadhouse on the main road between Melbourne and Adelaide.

One very cold,wet night at about 3:30 a.m.,there was a   16  on the front door of our house.A young man,wet from    17   to toe,explained that he had    18   out of petrol about 30 km up the road.He had left his pregnant(怀孕的) wife and his two children   19  at the car and said that he would hitchhike(搭便车) back.

Once I had   20  a can with petrol,I took him back to his car where his two-year-old and four-year-old children were both   21 ,saying that they were cold.Once the car had started,I suggested that he   22  me back.

Before leaving,I had turned the heater  23  in the roadhouse,so that when we went in,it was nice and   24 .While the little ones played and ran   25  ,I prepared bread and butter for the children,and hot chocolate for the  26 .

It was about 5 a.m. before they  27 .The young fellow asked me how much he   28  me and I told him that the petrol pump(加油泵) had   29  $15.He offered to pay “call-out fee”,but I wouldn’t accept it.

About a month later,I received a   30  from Interstate,a large bus company that we bad been trying to   31  to stop off at our roadhouse for a long time.It   32  out that the young fellow I had helped was its general manager,the most  33 person in the company.

In his letter,he thanked me again and   34 me that,from then on,all their buses would stop at my service station.In this   35  ,a little bit of kindness was rewarded with a huge amount of benefits.

16.A.kick           B.hit               C.beat             D.knock

17.A.finger          B.shoulder          C.head             D.hand

18.A.driven          B.used             C.come            D.run

19.A.away          B.behind            C.over             D.out

20.A.supplied        B.poured           C.equipped          D.filled

21.A.sleeping        B.crying            C.quarrelling         D.fighting

22.A.allow          B.ring              C.lead             D.follow

23.A.on            B.off              C.in               D.over

24.A.neat           B.hot              C.warm            D.attractive

25.A.around         B.inside            C.nearby           D.along

26.A.drivers         B.guests            C.customers         D.adults

27.A.left            B.arrived           C.ate              D.disappeared

28.A.gave           B.paid             C.owed            D.offered

29.A.appeared        B.exhibited          C.calculated         D.shown

30.A.call            B.letter             C.check            D.notice

31.A.get            B.force             C.require           D.hope

32.A.pointed         B.turned            C.worked              D.found

33.A.generous        B.successful         C.serious           D.powerful

34.A.praised         B.persuaded         C.informed          D.convinced

35.A.lesson          B.business          C.aspect            D.case

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