Societies all over the world name places in similar ways. Quite often there is no official naming ceremony but places tend to be called names as points of reference by people. Then an organized body steps in and gives the place a name. Often it happens that a place has two names: One is named by the people and the other by the government. As in many areas, old habits died hard, and the place continues to be called by its unofficial name long after the meaning is lost.

Many roads and places in Singapore (新加坡) are named in order that the pioneers will be remembered by future generations. Thus we have names such as Stamford Road and Raffles Place. This is in keeping with traditions in many countries ---- in both the West and the East.

Another way of naming places is naming them after other places. Perhaps they were named to promote friendships between the two places or it could be that the people who used to live there were originally from the places that the roads were named after. The mystery is clearer when we see some of the roads named in former British bases. If you step into Selector Airbase you will see Piccadilly Circus ---- obviously named by some homesick Royal Air Force personnel.

Some places were named after the activities that used to go on at those places. Bras Basah Road is an interesting example, “Base Basah” means “wet rice” in Malay(马来语). Now why would anyone want to name a road “Wet Rice Road”? The reason is simple. During the pioneering days, wet rice was laid out to dry along this road.

A few roads in Singapore are named by their shapes. There is “Circular Road” for one. Other roads may have part of their names to describe their shapes, like “Paya Lebar Crescent”. This road is called a crescent(月牙) because it begins on the main road, makes a crescent and comes back to join the main road again.

71. We learn from Paragraph 1 that _____.

A. the government is usually the first to name a place

B. a ceremony will be held when a place is named

C. many places tend to have more than one name

D. people prefer the place names given by the government

72. Which of the following places is named after a person?

A. Raffles Place.           B. Selector Airbase.

C. Piccadilly Circus.        D. Paya Lebar Crescent.

73. What does the underlined phrase “die hard” in Paragraph 1 probably mean?

A. Change suddenly.           B. Change greatly.

C. Disappear quickly.          D. Disappear very slowly.

74. Bras Basah Road is named _______.

A. after an activity          B. after a place

C. after a person            D. by its shape

75. What can be inferred from the passage?

A. The way Singaporeans name their places is unique.

B. Some places in Singapore are named for military purposes.

C. Some place names in Singapore are the same as in Britain.

D. Young Singaporeans have forgotten the pioneers.

"Colour" and "color","favourite" and "favorite"... Have you ever wondered why Americans spell those words without a "u"? Is it because they are lazy?

Of course not. In fact,the difference in spelling was created by Noah Webster (1758-1843). He is a teacher who reformed English to make American identity stronger. Linguists (语言学家) celebrated his 250th birthday on October 16. After the Revolutionary War (1775~ 1783),Webster believed that Americans should have their own dictionary,rather than rely on British versions (版本). He dropped the British "u" in some words. And he changed "centre" into "center" for children to learn English by spelling words more like they sounded.

Webster wasn't shy about expressing his opinions. In defining (定义) preposterous (unreasonable),he wrote: "A republican government in the hands of females is preposterous."

Webster spent 28 years on the project before completing the 70,000-word dictionary in 1828 with his American-style spellings. He also added local words. His dictionary was widely used in schools. Linguists believed it helped a new nation achieve unity and cultural independence at a time when most were focused on political freedom.

"He was the shaper of our language and the shaper of American identity,"said Joshua Kendall,who is working on a biography (传记) about Webster. "He at last bonded (联合)us through our language."

66. Which of the following would probably be the best title for the passage?

A. The shaper of American English.

B. American identity.

C. Webster's dictionary.

D. Spelling differences between American and British English.

67. According to the passage,when he worked on his dictionary, Noah Webster did all of the following EXCEPT         .

A. voicing his opinion                                    B. changing "centre" into "center"

C. adding local words                                    D. dropping "u" in all the British words

68. Which of the following word can best describe Noah Webster’s work?

A. Interesting.            B. Meaningful.        C. Unfinished.       D. Boring.

69. Why did Noah Webster create these differences in his dictionary?

A. Because he wanted to make English simple and easy.

B. Because he wanted to show that the USA is stronger than the UK.

C. Because he wanted to achieve political freedom.

D. Because he wanted American English to have its own characteristics.

70. When did Noah Webster probably begin his project of the dictionary?

A. In 1758.                  B. In 1783.                 C. In 1800.                D. In 1828.

About ten men in every hundred suffer from color blindness in some way. Women are luckier; only about one in two hundred is affected in this matter. Perhaps, after all, it is safer to be driven by a woman!

There are different forms of color blindness. In some cases a man may not be able to see deep red. He may think that red, orange and yellow are all shadows of green. Sometimes a person cannot tell the difference between blue and green. In rare cases an unlucky man may see everything in shades of green --- a strange world indeed.

Color blindness in human beings is a strange thing to explain. In a single eye there are millions of very small things called “cones”. These help us to see in a bright light and to tell difference between colors. There are also millions of “rods”, but these are used for seeing when it is near dark. They show us shape but no color.

Some insects have favorite colors. Mosquitoes prefer blue to yellow. A red light will not attract insects, but a blue lamp will. In a similar way human beings also have favorite colors. Yet we are lucky. With the aid of the cones in our eyes we can see many beautiful colors by day, and with the aid of the rods we can see shapes at night. One day we may even learn more about the invisible colors around us.

61. The passage is mainly about _________.

A. color blindness             B. women being luckier than men

C. danger caused by color blindness D. color and its surprising effects.

62. According to the passage, with the help of the “cones”, we can_________.

A. tell different shapes B. see in a weak light   

C. kill mosquitoes       D. tell orange from yellow

63. Why do some people say it is safer to be driven by women?

A. Women are more careful.        

B. There are fewer color-blind women

C. Women are fonder of driving than men.

D. Women are weaker but quicker in thinking.

64. We can attract and kill mosquitoes by using a _________.

A. red light     B. yellow light     C. blue light    D. green light 

65. Which of the statements about the color- blind is true?

A. Not all of them have the same problem in recognizing color. 

B. None of them can see deep red.

C. None of them can tell the difference between blue and green. 

D. All of them see everything in shades of green.

Frank Woolworth was born in Rodman, New York, in 1852. His family were very poor farmers, and there was never enough to eat. Frank decided he did not want to be a farmer. He took a short business course, and went to work as a salesman in a large city.

Woolworth realized he had a natural skill for showing goods to attract people’s interest, but he soon learned something more important. One day his boss told him to sell some odds and ends (小商品) for as much as he could get. Frank put all these things on one table with a sign which said FIVE CENTS EACH. People fought and pushed to buy the things and the table was soon cleared.

Soon afterwards, Woolworth opened his own store, selling goods at five and ten cents. But he had another lesson to learn before he became successful. That is, if you want to make money by selling low-price goods, you have to buy them in large quantities directly from the factories. Once, for example, Woolworth went to Germany and placed an order for knives. The order was so large that the factory had to keep running 24 hours a day for a whole year. In this way, the price of the knives was cut down by half.

By 1919, Woolworth had over 1000 stores in the US and Canada, and opened his first store in London. He made many millions and his name became famous throughout the world. He always run his business according to strict rules, of which the most important was: “ THE CUSTOMER IS ALWAYS RIGHT.”

56. Frank took a short business course in order to _________.

  A. get away from the farm      B. learn something from a salesman

  C. earn more money for his family   D. get enough to eat.

57. Frank sold the odds and ends quickly because _________.

  A. he had put the goods on a table in a very nice way.       

B. he cut down the price by half

  C. he knew how to get people to buy his goods.

D. the sign he put on the table was well designed.

58. The price of the knives was cut down by half because ________.

  A. the factory workers worked 24 hours a day.

B. knives were ordered in large quantities directly from the factory.

  C. the knives were made in Germany, where labour (劳动力) was cheap.

  D. the knives were produced in one factory.

59. ________ make Woolworth a world-famous man.

  A. His business skills and his wealth             

B. The low price of the goods he sold

  C. His trip to Germany and his huge order of knives      

D. His natural skill for showing things

60. The belief that “ The customer is always right” suggests that ________.

  A. whenever there is a quarrel between the customer and shop assistant, the customers are always right.

  B. If you want to succeed, the rule is the only way.

  C. stores must always follow the customer’s orders if they want to make more money.

  D. stores should do their best to meet the customer’s needs if they want to be successful.

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