Societies all over the world name places in similar ways. Quite often there is no official naming ceremony but places tend to be called names as points of reference by people. Then an organized body steps in and gives the place a name. Often it happens that a place has two names: One is named by the people and the other by the government. As in many areas, old habits died hard, and the place continues to be called by its unofficial name long after the meaning is lost.

Many roads and places in Singapore (新加坡) are named in order that the pioneers will be remembered by future generations. Thus we have names such as Stamford Road and Raffles Place. This is in keeping with traditions in many countries ---- in both the West and the East.

Another way of naming places is naming them after other places. Perhaps they were named to promote friendships between the two places or it could be that the people who used to live there were originally from the places that the roads were named after. The mystery is clearer when we see some of the roads named in former British bases. If you step into Selector Airbase you will see Piccadilly Circus ---- obviously named by some homesick Royal Air Force personnel.

Some places were named after the activities that used to go on at those places. Bras Basah Road is an interesting example, “Base Basah” means “wet rice” in Malay(马来语). Now why would anyone want to name a road “Wet Rice Road”? The reason is simple. During the pioneering days, wet rice was laid out to dry along this road.

A few roads in Singapore are named by their shapes. There is “Circular Road” for one. Other roads may have part of their names to describe their shapes, like “Paya Lebar Crescent”. This road is called a crescent(月牙) because it begins on the main road, makes a crescent and comes back to join the main road again.

71. We learn from Paragraph 1 that _____.

A. the government is usually the first to name a place

B. a ceremony will be held when a place is named

C. many places tend to have more than one name

D. people prefer the place names given by the government

72. Which of the following places is named after a person?

A. Raffles Place.           B. Selector Airbase.

C. Piccadilly Circus.        D. Paya Lebar Crescent.

73. What does the underlined phrase “die hard” in Paragraph 1 probably mean?

A. Change suddenly.           B. Change greatly.

C. Disappear quickly.          D. Disappear very slowly.

74. Bras Basah Road is named _______.

A. after an activity          B. after a place

C. after a person            D. by its shape

75. What can be inferred from the passage?

A. The way Singaporeans name their places is unique.

B. Some places in Singapore are named for military purposes.

C. Some place names in Singapore are the same as in Britain.

D. Young Singaporeans have forgotten the pioneers.

"Colour" and "color","favourite" and "favorite"... Have you ever wondered why Americans spell those words without a "u"? Is it because they are lazy?

Of course not. In fact,the difference in spelling was created by Noah Webster (1758-1843). He is a teacher who reformed English to make American identity stronger. Linguists (语言学家) celebrated his 250th birthday on October 16. After the Revolutionary War (1775~ 1783),Webster believed that Americans should have their own dictionary,rather than rely on British versions (版本). He dropped the British "u" in some words. And he changed "centre" into "center" for children to learn English by spelling words more like they sounded.

Webster wasn't shy about expressing his opinions. In defining (定义) preposterous (unreasonable),he wrote: "A republican government in the hands of females is preposterous."

Webster spent 28 years on the project before completing the 70,000-word dictionary in 1828 with his American-style spellings. He also added local words. His dictionary was widely used in schools. Linguists believed it helped a new nation achieve unity and cultural independence at a time when most were focused on political freedom.

"He was the shaper of our language and the shaper of American identity,"said Joshua Kendall,who is working on a biography (传记) about Webster. "He at last bonded (联合)us through our language."

66. Which of the following would probably be the best title for the passage?

A. The shaper of American English.

B. American identity.

C. Webster's dictionary.

D. Spelling differences between American and British English.

67. According to the passage,when he worked on his dictionary, Noah Webster did all of the following EXCEPT         .

A. voicing his opinion                                       B. changing "centre" into "center"

C. adding local words                                      D. dropping "u" in all the British words

68. Which of the following word can best describe Noah Webster’s work?

A. Interesting.      B. Meaningful.          C. Unfinished.         D. Boring.

69. Why did Noah Webster create these differences in his dictionary?

A. Because he wanted to make English simple and easy.

B. Because he wanted to show that the USA is stronger than the UK.

C. Because he wanted to achieve political freedom.

D. Because he wanted American English to have its own characteristics.

70. When did Noah Webster probably begin his project of the dictionary?

A. In 1758.                   B. In 1783.                  C. In 1800.                 D. In 1828.

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