【题目】请阅读下面短文,并根据所读内容在文章后表格中的空格里填入一个最恰当的单词。
注意:请将答案写在答题卡上相应题号的横线上。每个空格只填一个单词。
Population Change

Why is the world's population growing?The answer is not what you might think. The reason for the explosion is not that people have been reproducing like rabbits, but that people have stopped dropping dead like flies. In 1900,people died at the average age of 30.By 2000 the average age was 65.But while increasing health was a typical feature of the 20th century, declining birth rate could be a defining one of the 21st.
Statistics show that the average number of births per woman has fallen from 4.9 in the early 1960s to 2.5 nowadays. Furthermore, around 50% of the world's population live in regions where the figure is now below the replacement level(i.e.2.1 births per woman)and almost all developed nations are experiencing sub-replacement birth rate. You might think that developing nations would make up the loss(especially since80% of the world's people now live in such nations),but you'd be wrong, Declining birth rate is a major problem in many developing regions too, which might cause catastrophic global shortages of work force within a few decades.
A great decline in young work force is likely to occur in China, for instance. What does it imply? First, China needs to undergo rapid economic development before a population decline hits the country. Second, if other factors such as technology remain constant, economic growth and material expectations will fall well below recent standards and this could invite trouble.
Russia is another country with population problems that could break its economic promise. Since 1992 the number of people dying has been bigger than that of those being born by a massive 50%,Indeed official figures suggest the country has shrunk by 5% since 1993 and people in Russia live a shorter life now than those in 1961.Why is this occurring? Nobody is quite sure, but poor diet an above all long-time alcoholism have much to do with it. If current trends don't bend. Russia's population will be about the size of Yemen's by the year 2050.
In the north of India, the population is booming due to high birth rates, but in the south, where most economic development is taking place, birth rate is falling rapidly. In a further twist, birth rate is highest in poorly educated rural areas and lowest in highly educated urban areas. In total,25% of India's working-age population has no education. In 2030,a sixth of the country's potential work force could be totally uneducated.
One solution is obviously to import foreign workers via immigration. As for the USA, it is almost unique among developed nations in having a population that is expected to grow by 20% from 2010-2030,Moreover,the USA has a track record of successfully accepting immigrants. As a result it's likely to see a rise in the size of its working-age population and to witness strong economic growth over the longer term.


【题目】阅读理解
How Super AreSupermarkets?
Buying eweek’s groceries is tiring. You want to get it over and done with quickly, soyou head for the nearest supermarket, you find everything you need under oneroof, and you feel glad that those days of going in and out of different shopsin the high street are over. Supermarkets seem to be a big plus. There is adownside, though.
In the UK 90%of all the food people consume is bought at 5 different supermarket chains.This makes these companies extremely powerful, which lets them use their hugebuying power to squeeze small suppliers to get the best deal. Milk is a goodexample. Supermarkets like to use things like milk, which is the top of almosteveryone’s shopping list to attract customers. To offer the lowest pricepossible to the consumer, the supermarkets force dairy farmers to sell milk atless than the cost of production. Supermarkets guarantee their good profitswhile farmers are left struggling to make ends meet, and the taxpayer pays tosupport the system without even knowing it.
It would be niceif local grocers supported local agriculture. But for the big supermarkets thisjust doesn’t make sense. Supermarkets don’t want little farmers thinking theycan decide prices. So supermarkets have started a global search for thecheapest possible agricultural produce. In many supermarkets it is difficult tofind anything which is produced locally.
UK farmersused to grow a lot of apples. Not anymore. In 1999 36% of apples were imported.By 2015 the figure had risen to 80% and the domestic production of apples hadfallen by two thirds. The consumer might just be happy to get a reasonablypriced meal made up of foods from Thailand, Spain, Italy and Zambia, but weshould also bear in mind the Influence on local producers.
Then there’spackaging. Supermarkets like everything to be packed and wrapped so it can bepiled neatly on shelves. Supermarkets produce nearly 10 million tons of wastepackaging in the UK every year, of which less 5%is recycled. Some supermarketsmake sure that large recycling bins are obvious in their car parks, showingthat they are environment-friendly. But that is just an image.
When a newsupermarket is planned there are claims about the number of new jobs that willbe created. Unfortunately, the number of jobs lost in the area is larger thanthe number of new positions in the supermarket. On average each new supermarketleads to the loss of 276 jobs.
However, themodern world is all about shopping, and the freedom to buy whatever you what,so it would be impossible to stop people shopping at some particular kind ofshop. But some measures do need to be taken when small suppliers lose profits,local producers suffer, sea levels rise and jobs are lost, anyway, we can’tjust care about a free car park and special offers.
(1)The author mentions “milk” in paragraph 2 to explain how supermarkets ____________.
A.cheat the taxpayers
B.support local dairy farmer
C.harm small suppliers ‘benefits
D.provide customers with the cheapest product
(2)According to the passage, supermarkets keep price advantage by_______________.
A.competing against each other
B.importing foreign products
C.purchasing local products
D.reducing product tax
(3)Which of the following shows the structure of the passage?
CP: Central Point P:Point SP: Sub-point C:Conclusion
A.
B.
C.
D.
(4)What is the author’s attitude towards supermarkets?
A.Critical
B.Sympathetic
C.Doubtful
D.Cautious

【题目】阅读理解
Before I studied psychology, I used to think that people wouldlaugh when funny things occurred. While I was right about that, I discoveredthere are lots of other psychological factors that make people laugh other thanthe funny part of a joke. When someone laughs at a joke, there will usually bemore than one reason that makes him laugh—and the more reasons there are, themore powerful the joke will be.
I was attending a stand-up comedy show in Egypt, and when theman started to make fun of pedestrians crossing streets, everyone laughed theirhearts out. The main reason those people strongly laughed was that almost allof them felt angry towards pedestrians who crossed streets carelessly. The jokewasn’t only funny, it also made the audience feel that they were right aboutbeing angry at those pedestrians. That is, people were laughing both because ofthe funny joke and because of the happiness experienced as a result of thepsychological support they got.
The better a joke makes a person feel, and the more it includesother psychological factors, the more the person will like it. For example, ifyou envy one of your friends, and someone tells a joke that is funny and, atthe same time, makes your friend seem stupid, then you will probably laugh atit louder than if you weren’t jealous of him.
In short, we don’t laugh only when we hear something funny; wealso laugh when we experience some kind of happiness that results from theother psychological factors involved in the joke. I strongly discourage makingfun of anyone or belittling someone to make someone else laugh. All Iwant to explain is that if your joke supports a person’s emotions, he willcertainly like it a lot.
(1)What did the author find out after studying psychology?
A.Only good jokes make people laugh
B.Many factors lead to people laughing.
C.Funny things can make people laugh
D.Laughter can make people healthy.
(2)Why did the audience laugh loud at the pedestrians?
A.They played a trick on the pedestrians.
B.The pedestrians behaved in a funny way.
C.They could feel the pedestrians’ happiness.
D.Their emotion was approved of by the show.
(3)What does the underlined word “belittling” probably mean?
A.Speak highly of
B.Get close to
C.Look down on
D.Feel content with
(4)Which of the following best shows the structure of the passage?
A.
B.
C.
D.

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