12．Food waste has been a chronicproblem for restaurants and grocery stores-with millions of tons los——青夏教育精英家教网—

12．Food waste has been a chronic（习惯性的）problem for restaurants and grocery stores-with millions of tons lost along the way as crops are hauled（拖）hundreds of miles，stored for weeks in refrigerators and prepared on busy restaurant assembly lines．But the historically high price of products is making it an even bigger drag on the bottom line．
Restaurants，colleges，hospitals and other institutions are compensating for the rising costs of waste in novel ways．Some are tracking their trash with software systems，making food in smaller packages or trying to compost （将…制成堆肥） and cut down on trash-hauling costs．
Roughly 30 percent of food in the United States goes to waste，costing some 48dollar billion annually，according to a Stockholm International Water Institute study．A University of Arizona study estimated that 40 to 50 percent of food in the United States is wasted．Wholesale food costs have risen more than 8 percent this year，the biggest jump in decades，according to the National Restaurant Association．
"We have all come to work with this big elephant in the middle of kitchen，and the elephant is this‘It's okay to waste'belief system，"said Andrew Shackman，president of LeanPath，a company that helps restaurants cut back food waste．
The interest in cutting food waste"has just rocketed in the last six to nine months，"he said．
Freshman students at Virginia Tech were surprised this year when the two of the campus'biggest dining halls to find there were no trays．
"You have to go back and get your dishware and your drink，but it's not that different，"said Caitlin Mewborn，a freshman．"It's not a big trouble．You take less food，and you don't eat more than you should．"
Getting rid of trays has cut food waste by38percent at the dining halls，said Denny Cochrane，manager of Virginia Tech's sustainability program．Before the program began，students often grabbed whatever looked good at the buffet （自助餐），only to find at the table that their eyes were bigger than their stomachs，he said．

56．High price of products makes the problem of food wasteD．
A．less challenging
B．more unbelievable
C．less noticeable
D．more unsolvable
57．What does Caitlin Mewborn most probably think about the fact that no trays are provided in the campus'dining halls？D
A．It doesn't help cut food waste much．
B．It causes much trouble for students．
C．It isn't well-received by the freshmen．
D．It is efficient for cutting food waste．
58．The author mentions Virginia Tech as an example to support the idea thatB
A．food waste has been a long-lasting chronic problem
B．novel ways are being applied to cutting food waste
C．colleges are truly the biggest source of food waste
D．the"It's okay to waste"belief system is influential．

11．Most Americans believe that someone isn't grown-up until the age of 26and they should complete their education，have a full-time job，have a family to support and be financially independent．They also believe that becoming a real grown-up is a process which begins at about the age of 20and takes about five years，according to the report from the University of Chicago's National Opinion Research Center．
The findings are based on a representative sample of 1，398people over the age of 18who were surveyed in person．The survey found that people expect the transitions（过渡） to grown-up status to be completed at the following ages：age 20.9self-supporting； age 21.1no longer living with parents； age 21.2having a full-time job； age 22.3education completed； age 24.5being able to support a family financially； age 25.7getting married； and age 26.2having a child．
"There is a large degree of agreement across social groups on the relative importance of the seven transitions，"said Tom Smith，director of the survey．The only obvious pattern of differences is on views about supporting a family，having children and getting married．Older adults consider these more important than younger adults do．This probably shows in large part a change in values across generations away from traditional family values．The most valued step toward reaching adulthood，the survey found，is completing education，followed by full-time employment，supporting a family，financial independence，living independently，and marriage．

41．According to the first paragraph，someone is a grown-up when heC．
A．has found a full-time job
B．has finished his study in university
C．can support a family and be financially independent after graduation
D．can make money and support himself after completing his education
42．A young man of 24may be busyB．
A．finding a girl friend                 B．making money
C．preparing for his wedding             D．finding a job
43．The underlined word"status"in Paragraph 2probably means"D"．
A．place       B．situation      C．level      D．position
44．From the passage，we learn thatB．
A．being grown-up is just a matter of age
B．being grown-up is a process which takes some time
C．all people think completing education means being grown-up
D．the survey found everyone had a different view about being grown-up
45．The best title for the passage should be"A"．
A．Are we grown-up yet？
B．It takes a long time to grow up．
C．Getting married means being grown-up．
D．Completing education means being grown-up．

10．It was the Year from Hell─the dog died，my marriage of 24years ended，and my house burned down．I had moved into a new rented house with my youngest son after my husband and I divorced．We'd been in the house just six weeks．I went to a dinner party one night，and as I drove home near，I saw smoke rising into the sky．I wondered whether it was my house．Then I turned the corner，and sure enough，it was my house．
My son and I stayed with a friend for a couple of nights．Then my friend Gail heard about the fire，called me up，and said，"Come and move into my house．I have seven bedrooms and five bathrooms─plenty of space for you and your son．"Gail had three kids at home，but there was still plenty of room for me and my son，Sutton．Little did I know that her offer of a temporary place to stay would turn into a living arrangement that lasted two and a half years．
We were two single mothers．Gail and I spent the next couple of years sorting out a lot of things together．After we moved in，I soon began to look for a permanent place to live in．Gail said，"Please don't leave．I've never had so much freedom!"Having me in the house meant someone to help take care of her kids，someone to share cooking and gardening，and someone to share day-to-day life．She loved having me there，and I loved being there．So we stayed．
It was an important chapter in my life．We both needed time to heal from our divorces．It was a time of deeper insight and spiritual growth for both of us．Gail's generosity was more than anyone could expect from a friend．I am eternally grateful to have a friend like Gail．I'm also grateful for the lessons I learned from the fire and the other losses that came so suddenly，so fast．Much to my surprise，I found gratitude among the ashes．I was tested serious trial by fire．But，like a phoenix，I rose from the ashes strong and whole．I would not be the person I am today if not for that Year from Hell．

31．Which of the following could be the title of the passage？C．
A．The Year from Hell．
B．My Generous Friend─Gail．
C．Gratitude among the Ashes．
D．Everything Gone in the Smoke．
32．Which of the following may NOT be lost for the author according to the passage？D．
A．Her furniture． B．Her dog． C．Her husband． D．Her car．
33．What can we learn from the passage？B．
A．The author and her son went to Gail's house the night after the fire happened．
B．Gail and the author shared all together and had a lot in common in their life．
C．The author had planned to live with Gail for a long time at the beginning．
D．The author wrote the passage after she moved into a new rented house．
34．After suffering a lot，the author eventually became moreA．
A．strong-minded B．simple--minded
C．out-going D．kind-hearted
35．What did the author learn from her experience？B．
A．Where there is a will，there is a way．
B．When God closes a door，he opens another．
C．A positive attitude will bring success．
D．A friend without faults will never be found．

9．

In late summer or early fall the large，yellow seed heads of sunflowers will be ripening．If gardeners can keep off the birds and other wildlife trying to eat the seeds，they can have a large harvest．The bright yellow blooms will make a rainbow garden，brightening up any space．
However，planting the sunflower seeds is a skilled job．Plant seeds no deeper than the full length of itself．Smaller sized sunflowers can be spaced a foot apart．Larger varieties will need to be spaced as far apart as three feet．This allows ripe plants enough space for the seed heads to ripen without knocking the ripe seeds off before gardeners have a chance to harvest them．
Most sunflower seeds，especially those with eatable seeds，are large enough to handle without the need for seed sorters．This is why sunflowers make an excellent choice for a children's garden as well．Gardeners will want to mix plenty of soil fertilizers into the ground as sunflowers tend to be heavy feeders．
Sunflowers can be slow starters and the tiny new plants don't seem to grow very rapidly．Gardeners should protect the new plants as they begin to grow．Once they get going，sunflowers are able to outgrow many weeds，making them easier to grow in the home vegetable garden than many other plants．
Most pests and diseases are not a bother to the sunflower，however，more than one gardener has said that their lovely looking plants were ravaged overnight by hungry squirrels，mice or birds．To preserve their harvest，gardeners can cover the ripening seed head with stockings or net cloth to help keep the destroyers off the seeds．
Planting sunflower seeds is easy and can help even the smallest gardener feel successful in their gardening attempts．

28．What is the passage mainly about？A．
A．How to plant sunflowers．B．Different kinds of sunflowers．
C．Ways to preserve sunflowers．D．Tips on making your garden bright．
29．Why should enough space be left between sunflowers？C．
A．To prevent birds from eating sunflower seeds．
B．To offer the sunflowers enough sunlight．
C．To protect the ripe seed heads before harvest．
D．To help the sunflowers grow stronger．
30．Why do children love to grow sunflowers in their garden？B．
A．They want to decorate their garden with sunflowers．
B．The seeds are easy to plant and unnecessary to sort．
C．Sunflowers don't need too much soil fertilizer．
D．Tiny new sunflowers can grow very fast．
31．Which of the following can replace the underlined word"ravaged"in Paragraph 5？A．
A．Destroyed．B．Covered．C．Surrounded．D．Removed．

8．How can a creature weighing over 5tons and normally taking 150kilograms of food and 120liters of water per day survive in a desert environment？
In the southwest African country of Namibia，and the Sahara lands of Mali further north，the desert elephant does just that．
Although not regarded as a separate species from the African elephant，the desert cousin differs in many ways．Their bodies are smaller，to absorb less heat，and their feet are larger for easier walking across sandy surfaces．They are taller，to reach higher branches．They have shorter tusks （象牙），and most importantly，longer trunks to dig for water in riverbeds．
Desert elephants can travel over 70kilometers in search for feeding grounds and waterholes，and have a larger group of families，They drink only every 3-4days，and can store water in a"bag"at the back of their throat，which is only used when badly needed．Desert elephants are careful feeders--they seldom root up trees and break fewer branches，and thus keep what little food sources are available．Yong elephants may even eat the dung （粪便）of the female leader of a group when facing food shortage．
During drought（干旱） they are unlikely to give birth to their young but with good rains the birthrate will increase greatly．Desert elephants have sand baths，sometimes adding their own urine （尿液）to make them muddy!
As we continue to overheat our weak planet，it can only be hoped that other animal species will adapt（适应） as extraordinarily well to change as the desert elephant．

29．The underlined part in Paragraph 2means"C"
A．remains in the African countries
B．drinks 120liters of water a day
C．manages to live in desert areas
D．eats 150kilograms of food daily
30．Desert elephants are called careful feeders because theyA
A．rarely ruin trees
B．drink only every 3-4days
C．search for food in large groups
D．protect food sources for their young
31．What can be inferred from the last sentence in the passage？B
A．Overheating the earth can be stopped．
B．Not all animal species are so adaptable．
C．The planet will become hotter and hotter．
D．Not all animals are as smart as desert elephants．

7．How to look good in a photo？
What should you do if you want to have a nice photo taken？Whether it's work or fun，the most important thing is lighting．If you get bad lighting，you will look bad，too．Know where the light is．You don't want it below you or above you，you want it to shine directly at you．
The key thing is no shadow．If you are being photographed outside，do it in the morning，or wait till the 2o'clock shadow has passed．Also don't let pictures in the magazines stress you out-all the pictures are taken by great photographers．And all the faces have had pimples （丘疹，粉刺）taken out by computers．
Tip your head and learn what angles work with your face； everyone is different．So you have to learn what suits you．You can practice in Photo Booth for as long as it is your turn，to learn what angles suit your face．Tip your neck to make it look longer，make eye contact with the camera．No one can look bad if they smile．
For long legs，point one leg into center of the frame and get the photographer to shoot looking up your body．
For just leg shots，lie upside down and raise legs in the air for the best angle．And your legs will look thinner and be in better shape．
Keep shoulders back．
Always have mouth slightly open，enough to put a penny between your lips，as this will make your lips look fuller．
Lower your eyes and then look up just as shutter （快门） is clicked for full eyes．
Delete any evidence of a less than perfect photogenic moment，everyone has off days．

33．If you want to look good in a photo，the light should beC．
A．below you
B．above you
C．directly at you
D．right behind you
34．According to the passage，we should consider all EXCEPTD．
A．light
B．shadow
C．angles
D．photographers
35．What advice does the author give on taking photos？C
A．Raise legs on the wall．
B．Look down．
C．Keep shoulders back．
D．Put a penny between lips．

6．You've seen restaurant reviews in newspapers，or perhaps in magazines or on the Internet．You've read those reviews when you wanted to know about the quality and price of the food at a new restaurant．Or maybe you were looking for a restaurant with a certain atmosphere-dark and romantic，bright and cheerful，or modern．But who writes the articles？Who gets paid to eat？Those lucky people are food critics．
Food critics are journalists who eat at restaurants and write reviews that give readers the feeling that they have visited the restaurant themselves．The articles almost always include a description of the restaurant，for example，whether it is nicely decorated or has a beautiful view of the ocean．The menu，prices，and service are generally described as well，but a food critic's main task is to write about the food．
For"foodies"-people who love and study food and cooking-dining is a feast for the senses，not just for the stomach．Food critics may tell readers about the colors of fresh vegetables，the silky texture of a soup，or the rich aroma （芳香） of a perfectly cooked chicken．They will mention whether they were listening to soft music while they ate，or the noises of pots and pans being washed in the restaurant's kitchen．And most importantly，they will describe the taste of every dish on the table，starting with the appetizer and ending with the dessert．
All of this may sound easy enough，but food critics do face some challenges．First，food critics must be excellent writers．Their job is to give accurate information in an entertaining way because newspapers and other publications want the restaurant review to be an enjoyable feature．It is also important for food critics to be very observant （注意观察的） by nature，and to have an excellent memory since taking notes at the table is not something most diners do．And looking like a typical customer is essential for remaining anonymous （匿名的），perhaps the most difficult challenge．Former food critic Ruth Reichl，now editor in chief of Gourmet magazine，used to go to restaurants wearing disguises so that she received the same food and service as any other diner．
Despite the challenges，a career as a food critic appeals to many people．Anyone who is thinking about becoming a food critic should start by developing strong writing skills and learning as much about food and cooking as possible．

49．Which of the following would probably NOT be included in a restaurant review？B
A．A description of a restaurant's atmosphere．
B．Information about a restaurant's diners．
C．Information about a restaurant's prices．
D．A description of a restaurant's food．
50．Why does the writer mention soft music and the noises of pots and pans washed？D
A．Because food critics must listen carefully to the waiters．
B．Because it's important for restaurants to use clean dishes．
C．Because food critics generally focus on the background music．
D．Because the sense of hearing is part of the dining experience．
51．According to the article，why do food critics need to have good memories？C
A．They don't want to take notes at the table．
B．They have to be very observant．
C．They like having a challenging job．
D．They don't like to repeat themselves．
52．Why did Ruth Reichl go to restaurants wearing disguises？C
A．She wanted to get special food and service．
B．She didn't want others to know she was a food critic．
C．She didn't want to be a typical customer．
D．She used an entertaining way to do her job．

5．I was never very neat，while my roommate Kate was extremely organized．Each of her objects had its place，but mine always hid somewhere．She even labeled （贴标签） everything．I always looked for everything．Over time，Kate got neater and I got messier．She would push my dirty clothing over，and I would lay my books on her tidy desk．We both got tired of each other．
War broke out one evening．Kate came into the room．Soon，I heard her screaming，"Take your shoes away!Why under my bed!"Deafened，I saw my shoes flying at me．I jumped to my feet and started yelling．She yelled back louder．
The room was filled with anger．We could not have stayed together for a single minute but for a phone call．Kate answered it．From her end of the conversation，I could tell right away her grandma was seriously ill．When she hung up，she quickly crawled （爬） under her covers，weeping．Obviously，that was something she should not go through phone．All of a sudden，a warm feeling of sympathy rose up in my heart，
Slowly，I collected the pencils，took back the books，made my bed，cleaned the socks and swept the floor，even on her side．I got so absorbed into my work that I even didn't noticed Kate had sat up．She was watching，her tears dried．Then，she reached out her hands to grasp mine．I looked up into her eyes．She smiled at me．"Thanks．"
Kate and I stayed roommates for the rest of the year．We didn't always agree，but we learned the key to living together：giving in，cleaning up and holding on．

28．What made Kate angry one evening？C
A．She heard the author shouting loud．B．She couldn't find her books．
C．She saw the author's shoes beneath her bed．
D．She got the news that her grandma was ill．
29．The author tidied up the room most probably becauseB．
A．she was scared by Kate's anger         B she wanted to show her care
C．she hated herself for being so messy     D．she was asked by Kate to do so
30．How is Paragraph 1mainly developed？A
A．By showing differences．B．By describing a process．
C．By analyzing causes．D．By following time order．
31．What might be the best title for the story？B
A．How to Be Organized             B．Learning to Be Roommates
C．My Friend Kate                  D．Hard Work Pays Off．

4．It was the end of my first day as a waitress in a busy New York restaurant．My cap had gone away，and my feet hurt．The loaded plates I carried seemed to be heavier and heavier．Tired and discouraged，I didn't seem able to do anything right．As I made out a check for a family with several children who had changed their ice-cream order a dozen times，I was ready to stop．Then the father smiled at me as he handed me my tip．"Well done，"he said，"you've looked after us really well．"Suddenly my tiredness disappeared．I smiled back，and later，when the manager asked me how I'd liked my first day，I said，"Fine!"Those few words of praise had changed everything．Praise is like sunlight to human spirit； we cannot flower and grow without it．And yet，most of us are only too ready to apply to others the cold criticism（批评），but are unwilling to give our fellows the warm sunshine of praise．Perhaps that is why one word of praise can bring such pleasure．
It's strange how chary we are about praising．Perhaps it's because few of us know how to accept it．It's especially rewarding to give praise in areas in which effort generally goes unnoticed．An artist gets admired for a glorious picture，a cook for a perfect meal．But do you ever tell your laundry （洗衣房）manager how pleased you are when the shirts are done just right？In fact，to give praise costs the giver nothing but a moment's thought and a moment's effort．

21．Which of the following can't describe the writer's situation before she got her tip？
D
A．She was tired．B．She was busy．
C．She was sorry．   D．She was confident．
22．According to the passage，which of the following is least likely to be given praise？D
A．An artist．    B．A cook．     C．A waitress．        D．A laundry manager．
23．The underlined word"chary"in Paragraph 2meansB．
A．careless              B．cautious              C．unwilling             D．greedy
24．What is the best title of the passage？C
A．Why Do You Praise Others？
B．Why do You Criticize Others？
C．Be Generous to Give Others Praise!
D．Don't Criticize Others!

3．Scientists added a record of 715more planets to the list known to the world beyond the solar system，astronomers said on Wednesday，in February 2014．The additions include four planets about 0.5-2times as big as Earth that are the right distance from their parent stars for liquid surface water，which is believed to be fit for life．
The discoveries were made with the NASA's planet-hunting Kepler space telescope．The telescope，launched in 2009，spent four productive years observing 160，000target stars for signs of planets passing by，within the telescope's sight．
The numbers of planets announced at a NASA press conference on Wednesday increased Kepler's confirmed planets from 246to 961．Combined with other telescopes'results，the total number of planets beyond the solar system now is nearly 1，700．"We almost doubled，just today，the number of planets known to humans，"astronomer Douglas Hudgins，head of planet exploration at NASA Headquarters in Washington，told reporters on a conference call．
Many planets'discovery is due to a new technique that analyzes potential planets in batches rather than one at a time．The method was developed after scientists realized that most planets，like those in the solar system，have similar worlds orbiting a common parent star．
The newly found planets strengthen the evidence that small planets，two to three times the size of Earth，are common throughout the galaxy（银河系）．
"Generally，wherever （Kepler） can see them，it finds them，"said astronomer Sara Seager，with the Massachusetts Institute of Technology．"That's why we have confidence that there will be planets like Earth in outer space．"
Like the solar system，which has eight planets plus Pluto and other so-called"dwarf planets，"the newly found planets belong to families．But unlike the solar system's planets，which are about 150times farther from the sun than Earth．Most of the planets fly nearer to their parent stars than Venus（金星） orbits the sun，a distance of about 67million miles （108million km．）
NASA and other space agencies are designing new telescopes to discover planets in so-called"habitable zones"around their parent stars where temperatures would be suitable for liquid surface water．Two papers on the new Kepler research will appear in an upcoming issue of‘The Astrophysical Journal'．

62．The underlined word‘batches'in the fourth paragraph probably meansC here．
A．continentB．programC．groupD．association
63．Through Kepler，Scientists have found more planetsD throughout the galaxy．
A．the same size as EarthB．about 0.5-2times as big as Earth
C．twice the size of EarthD．two to three times the sizeof Earth
64．Which of the following statements is TRUE according to the passage？B
A．All the planets known to the world are believed to be fit for life．
B．There may be liquid surface water on some of the newly found planets．
C．Kepler space telescope spent four years observing 160，000target planets．
D．The orbits of the newly found planets are just like those of the solar system
65．Which of the following is the most suitable title for this passage？A
A．US space telescope discovers more planets
B．Kepler observes many new target stars
C．Scientists believe 715planets fit for life
D．NASA finds liquid surface water on the planets．

试题分类