In the same way that a child must be able to move his arms and legs before he can learn to walk, the child must physically be able to produce and experiment particular feelings before these feelings can be modified through learning．Psychologists have found that there are two basic processes by which learning takes place．One kind of learning is called“classical conditioning”．This take places when one event or stimulus(刺激)is always paired with, or followed by, a reward or punishment．It is through classical conditioning that a child learns to connect his mother's face and voice with happiness and love, for he learns that this person provides food and comfort．Negative emotions are learned in a similar way．
The second kind of learning is called“operant conditioning”．This takes place when a person learns to do things that produce rewards in his environment and learns not to do things that produce punishments．For example, if a mother always attends to her baby when he cries and comforts him until he is quiet, she may teach him that if he cries he will get attention from mother．Thus, the baby will learn to increase his crying in order to have his mother more．
Every day, we grow and have new experiences．We never stop learning by reading, watching television, interacting with other people, and so on．This learning affects our emotions．Why is it that we learn to like some people and dislike others?If a person is nice to us, cares about us, we learn to connect this person with positive feelings, such as joy, happiness, and friendliness．On the other hand, if a person is mean to us, does not care about us, and even purposely does things to harm us, we learn to connect this person with negative feelings, such as unhappiness, discomfort, and anger．
(1)
The author's main purpose in writing the passage is to ________．
[ ]
A．
teach children how to learn to produce and experience certain emotions
B．
give the general reader an account of two basic kinds of learning
C．
give parents some advice on how to modify their children's emotions
D．
discuss with psychologists how positive and negative feelings are produced
(2)
If your jokes often find a ready echo(反响)in a person, you will learn through ________ that telling jokes to this person is fun, and you will try with greater efforts to be humorous in his presence．
[ ]
A．
classical conditioning
B．
operant conditioning
C．
negative emotions
D．
any stimulus
(3)
In the third paragraph, the author is ________．
[ ]
A．
discussing how we grow and have new experience every day
B．
talking about learning to modify emotions through operant conditioning
C．
suggesting learning by reading, watching television, interacting with people, and so on
D．
using examples to further explain learning through classical conditioning
(4)
In the paragraph following the third, the author will most probably go on to discuss ________．
[ ]
A．
what positive feelings and negative feelings are
B．
a third kind of learning
C．
examples of learning through operant conditioning
D．
how a child learns to walk
(5)
What does the word“modify”probably mean according to the underlined one in paragraph 1?
Student Date of Birth：19/08/1988 Department of Education and Training
International Students Centre
Hong Xue 827-839 George Street PO Box 707
60 Waratah Street Broadway NSW 21007
Croydon Park NSW 2133 Phone：(612)9217 4801 1300 302 456
Fax：(612)9212 6721
http：//www.tafensw.edu.au/international/
WARNING LETTER
Dear Hong Xue,
As you are aware, your student visa regulations set out a number of conditions applying to your visa．It has come to our attention that you are failing to meet the following conditions：You must maintain accommodation, support and general welfare arrangements that have been approved by your education provider if you：
●have not turned 18; and
●are not staying in Australia with：
－a parent
－a custodian(监护人); or
－a relative who has been nominated(指定)by your parent or a custodian, is aged at least 21 and is of good character．
Note：You must not change those arrangements without the written approval of your education provider．
You must obey the following rules：
1．During term time you must：
a)remain in your homestay during the school term;
b)come home every night; and
c)inform your guardian at all times of your whereabouts．
2．On weekends you must：
a)have your guardian's permission to stay with friends; and
b)inform your guardian of the name, address and phone numbers of people you are visiting．
3．You must return your guardian's telephone calls．
This will be your only warning．If you continue to breach(违反)your student visa regulations we will report you to the Department of Immigration and Multicultural and Indigenous Affairs．Such action may lead to the cancellation(取消)of your student visa．Please contact me on(612)9217 4801 or fax(612)9212 6721 if you have questions about your enrolment．
Yours sincerely
Tracey Carlon
Student Advisor
International Students Centre
NSW Department of Education and Training
(1)
What's the purpose of writing this letter?
[ ]
A．
To remind the recipient of the conditions for applying for a student visa．
B．
To warn the recipient not to do anything against his student visa regulations again．
C．
To tell the recipient how to contact his student advisor．
D．
To inform the recipient of the student visa regulations．
(2)
What can be learned about the recipient from this letter?
[ ]
A．
He is under 18 and studies in Australia with his parents．
B．
He is required to come home every night according to the rules．
C．
He can stay with his friends on weekends if permitted．
D．
His student Visa has been cancelled．
(3)
To which address should the recipient reply if he feels like answering the letter?
[ ]
A．
Hong Xue at 60 Waratah Street, Croydon Park NSW 2133．
B．
Tracey Carlon at the Department of Immigration and Multicultural and Indigenous Affairs．
C．
Hong Xue at NSW Department of Education and Training．
D．
Tracey Carlon at 827-839 George Street, PO Box 707, Broadway NSW 21007．
阅读理解
Once upon a time the colors of the world started to quarrel．Green said,“Clearly I am the most important．I am the sign of life and hope．I was chosen for grass, trees and leaves．Without me, all animals would 1 ．”
Blue interrupted,“You only think about the 2 , but consider the sky and the sea． 3 the water that is the basis of life and drawn up by the clouds from the deep sea．Without my peace, you would all be 4 ．”
Yellow chuckled(笑道),“You are all so serious．I bring laughter, fun, and 5 into the world．”
Orange started next to blow her trumpet,“I am the color of health and strength．I may be 6 , but I am precious for I serve the needs of human life．When I fill the sky 7 , my beauty is so striking that no one gives another 8 to any of you．”
Red could stand it 9 and he shouted out,“I am the ruler of all of you．I am the color of danger and of bravery．I am willing to 10 truth．I am also the color of passion and of love．”
Then came Purple and Indigo(深蓝)…．
The colors went on boasting, each convinced of his or her own 11 ．Their quarreling became louder and louder．Suddenly there was a startling flash of bright lightening thunder．Rain started to pour down 12 ．The colors crouched(蜷缩)down 13 , drawing close to one another for comfort．
In the midst of the clamor(叫嚷), rain began to speak,“You foolish colors, fighting 14 yourselves, each trying to dominate 15 ．Don't you know that you were each made for a special purpose, 16 ?Join hands with 17 and come to me．”
Doing as they were told, the colors 18 and joined hands．They formed a colorful rainbow．From then on, whenever a good rain 19 the world, a rainbow appears in the sky．They remember to 20 one another．
中考解读考点精练系列答案