题目内容
Long after the 1998 World Cup was won, disappointed fans were still cursing(咒骂) the disputed refereeing (裁判) decisions that denied victory to their team. A researcher was appointed to study the performance of some top referees.
The researcher organized an experimental tournament (锦标赛) involving four youth teams. Each match lasted an hour, divided into three periods of 20 minutes during which different referees were in charge.
Observers noted down the referees’ errors, of which there were 61 over the tournament. Converted to a standard match of 90 minutes, each referee made almost 23 mistakes, a remarkably high number.
The researcher then studied the videotapes to analyse the matches in detail. Surprisingly, he found that errors were more likely when the referees were close to the incident. When the officials got it right, they were, on average, 17 meters away from the action. The average distance in the case of errors was 12 meters. The research shows the optimum (最佳的) distance is about 20 meters.
There also seemed to be an optimum speed. Correct decisions came when the referees were moving at a speed of about 2 meters per second. The average speed for errors was 4 meters per second.
If FIFA, football's international ruling body, wants to improve the standard of refereeing at the next World Cup, it should encourage referees to keep their eyes on the action from a distance, rather than rushing to keep up with the ball, the researcher argues.
He also says that FIFA’s insistence that referees should retire at age 45 may be misguided. If keeping up with the action is not so important, their physical condition is less critical.
1.The experiment conducted by the researcher was meant to _______.
A. reexamine the rules for football refereeing
B. analyse the causes of errors made by football referees
C. set a standard for football refereeing
D. review the decisions of referees at the 1998 World Cup
2.The findings of the experiment show that _______.
A. errors are more likely when a referee keeps close to the ball
B. the farther the referee is from the incident, the fewer the errors
C. the more slowly the referee runs, the more likely will errors occur
D. errors are less likely when a referee stays in one spot
3.The word “officials” (Line 2, Para. 4) most probably refers to _______.
A. the researchers involved in the experiment
B. the inspectors of the football tournament
C. the referees of the football tournament
D. the observers at the site of the experiment
4.What is one of the possible conclusions of the experiment?
A. The ideal retirement age for an experienced football referee is 45.
B. Age should not be the chief consideration in choosing a football referee.
C. A football referee should be as young and energetic as possible.
D. An experienced football referee can do well even when in poor physical condition.
1.B
2.A
3.C
4.B
【解析】略
The history of nomenclature (命名) in Britain is so old that no one knows the beginning of the story. Since written history began， people have had names. It is therefore impossible to do more than guess at how the earliest given names were chosen. Most names appear to have had some sort of original meaning， usually descriptive， rather than being simply a pleasing collection of sounds.
These descriptive names developed both from nouns and adjectives. The Irish Gaelic people used descriptive nouns and adjectives which were meaningful. Early in prehistory some descriptive names began to be used again and again until they formed a name pool for that particular culture. Parents would choose names from the pool of existing names rather than invent new ones for their children.
With the rise of Christianity (基督教)， Christians were encouraged to name their children after the holy people of the church. These early Christian names can be found in many cultures today， in various forms. The pool of names in use in England changed basically after the Norman came in 1066. Then French names of Germanic origin became popular within three generations. As a result names like Emma， Matilda， Richard， and William， became common in English nomenclature. At the same time a few Old English names， like Edward and Alfred remained because they were names of holy people or kings； others were kept because they were used with slight changes by Germanic names from the Normans like Robert.
Surnames developed from bynames， which are additional ones used to differentiate people with the same given name. These bynames fall into particular patterns. These started out as specific to a person and were taken down from father to son between the twelfth and sixteenth century. The noble usually used taken-down surnames early or the peasants did so later.
【小题1】We can infer from the text that .
| A．the first given names had not any actual meanings |
| B．people probably had names when there was no written language |
| C．the history of nomenclature is shorter than written history |
| D．names began to be used long after there was written language |
| A．Old English names | B．other names |
| C．names of Germanic origin | D．names of holy people |
| A．Robert is a Germanic name from the Normans. |
| B．Church didn’t encourage nomenclature used in the church. |
| C．Names like Emma and William were the most popular in 1066. |
| D．Names like Edward and Alfred were French names of Germanic origin. |
(a)People used bynames to differ people with the same given names.
(b)People chose given names from the pool of existing names.
(c)Bynames started out as specific to a person.
(d)Surnames became popular with common people.
(e)Surnames were taken down from father to son in noble families.
| A．b-a-e-c-d | B．a-b-c-d-e | C．a-b-c-e-d | D．b-a-c-e-d |
| A．Additional， Particular and Various |
| B．Meaningful， Christian and Foreign |
| C．Descriptive， Meaningful and Germanic |
| D．Old English-styled， Christian and Original |
Mr. Glen is a millionaire. Years ago, after returning from abroad to his motherland, he his company. Speaking of success, Glen often tells us a story about his extra expensive “school” fee. He always his success to it.
At that time, Glen, who already got a Ph.D. degree, to return home, starting a company. Before leaving, he bought a Rolex watch with the made through years. At the airport he had to accept the customs check. The watch on his wrist was also demanded to be taken down for . Glen knew that carrying such goods out had to pay the tax, and he worried about paying for his watch. So while checked, he told a lie that his watch was a fake（假货）. When he was of his “smarts”, immediately, in the presence of Glen, the officers hit the watch, which nearly 100,000, into pieces hearing Glen’s words. Glen was . Before he understood why, he was taken to the office to be examined . For many times of entry-exit he knew that only those people in the “blacklist” would “enjoy” this special treatment. The officers looked over everything carefully, and him no matter what time of entry and exit he must accept the check and if reusing and carrying fake goods, he would be by law! Suddenly, his face turned red, and he had nothing in mind after boarding the plane for long.
After that, he often told the story to his family and his employees. He said that this made a deep on him, because the additional high “school” fee that he had ever paid made him realize the value of , which he would remember as the of his success forever.
1.A. went up B. set up C. took up D. picked up
2.A. owes B. mentions C. brings D. honors
3.A. objected B. refused C. decided D. asked
4.A. books B. things C. pounds D. savings
5.A. ordinary B. regular C. routine D. common
6.A. inspection B. look C. test D. experiment
7.A. it B. one C. them D. these
8.A. careless B. priceless C. hopeless D. worthless
9.A. afraid B. ashamed C. proud D. hard
10.A. spent B. paid C. cost D. took
11.A. at B. on C. in D. by
12.A. amazed B. delighted C. disappointed D. satisfied
13.A. strictly B. quietly C. quickly D. curiously
14.A. conditions B. chances C. experiments D. experiences
15.A. stopped B. warned C. urged D. hoped
16.A. found out B. came out C. sent out D. set out
17.A. hit B. charged C. praised D. blamed
18.A. expression B. idea C. thought D. impression
19.A. lies B. honesty C. goods D. bravery
20.A. choice B. lesson C. secret D. belief