题目内容
If it is not only possible but even easy to predict which ten-year-old boys are at greatest risk of growing up to be persistent offenders (惯犯), what are we doing with the information? The last thing that we should do is to wait until their troubles have increased in adolescence and then attack them with the new Criminal Justice Bill.
If this bill becomes law, more young people will be drawn into prisons and all the evidence shows that this worsens rather than improves their future. The introduction of short sharp punishment will simply give more young people a taste of something else they don’t need and if you want to train someone to be anti-society, "I can’t think of a better way to do it" says the writer of this report.
The Cambridge Institute of Criminology comes up with five key factors that are likely to make for adolescence crimes: a low income family, a large family, parents regarded by social workers to be bad at raising children, parents who themselves have a criminal record, and low intelligence in the child. Of the 63 boys in the sample who had at least three of them when they were ten, half became criminals—compared with only a fifth of the sample as a whole.
Three more factors make the prediction more accurate: being judged troublesome by teachers at the age of ten, having a father with at least two criminal records and having another member of the family with a criminal record. Of the 35 men who had at least two of these factors in their background, 18 became persistent offenders and 8 more were in trouble with the law.
The role of the schools is recognized as extremely important. The most reliable prediction of all on the futures of boys came from teachers’ ratings of how troublesome they were at the age of ten. If the information is there in the classroom, there must be a response that brings more attention to those troublesome children: a search for things to give them praise rather than academic achievement, a refusal to allow them to go on playing truant, and a promoting of ambition and opportunity which should start early in their school careers.
46. According to the author, adolescence crimes should be dealt ______.
A. before they become adolescents
B. when they are put into prison
C. when they are in the period of adolescence
D. when the problem becomes serious
47. The number of young offenders could be reduced by the way of ______.
A. setting new legal system
B. helping with their academic performance
C. applying brief periods of severe punishment
D. knowing about their backgrounds
48. Ten-year-old children likely to become offenders are usually______.
A. spoilt children from small families
B. bright children in a poor family
C. slow children with many brothers and sisters
D. children whose parents gain wealth dishonestly
49. The writer concludes that potential offenders could be helped by ______.
A. making less trouble through self discipline
B. being given more encouragement at school
C. being permitted to leave school as they like
D. stricter treatment from teachers
ADCB
Below is a page adapted from an English dictionary.
Important words to learn:E Essential I improver A Advanced
Pump
noun [C] DEVICE
1 A a piece of equipment which is
used to cause liquid, air or gas to move from one place
gas pump SHOE2[USUALLY PLURAL]US (UK COURT SHOE)
8 type of plain shoe with a raised HEEL and no way of
fastening it to the foot which is worn by women
3 [USUALLY PLURAL] type of flat shoe, like a BALIET dancer’s shoe when is worn by women 4 [USUALLY PLURAL]UK a flat·shoe made of heavy cloth, which is worn by children for doing sports.
verb LIQUID/GAS1 [T USUALLY·ADV/PREP] to force
liquid or gas to move somewhere:our latest machine can
pump a hundred gallors a minute , o The new wine is
pumped into stirage tanks.o The heart pumos blood
through the arteries/round the body. INFORMATION2[T]
INFORMAL to keep asking someone for information,
especially in a way that is not direce:She was pumping me
for details of the new projece.
Idioms pump sb’s hand to SHAKE someone’s hand
(="hold" their hand and move it up and down, espacially
In order to greet them)·pump lron INFORMAL to lift
Heavy weights for exercise: These days both men and
Women pump iron far fitnets.
Pharsal verbs pump sth into sth to spend
Money trying to make something operate succesfully:
They had been pumpinh money into the business for some
Years without seeing any results.
Pump sth out(M)REMOVE1 to remove water or other
liquid from something using a pump:We took turns
pumping out the boat.PRODUCE2 INFORMAL DISAPPROVING
to produce words or loud music in a way that is repeated,
forceful and continuous: The government keeps pumping
out the same old propaganda.O The car radio was
pumping out music with a heacy beat.
Pump out sth someone’s stomach is pumped out, a
Poisonous substance is removed from it by being-sucked
Through a tube. She had to go to hospital
Stomach pumped out.
Pump sth up [M] INFORMAL to make someone feel more
contident or excited: He was offering them advince and
trying to pump them up.O[R]The players were pumping
themselves up by singing the national anthem, before the
game.
Pump sth up[M]1 to fill something with air using a
pump: Have you pumped up the balloons yet?O I must
pump the tyres up on my bike.2 INFORMAL to increase
something by a large amount:The US was able to pump
up exports.O Let’s pump up the tolume a bit!
Pump-action /pamp ek/ n/adjective describes a device which operates by forcing song especially air ,in or out of a closed space or container, a pump-action shotgun , a pump action
Pump priming noun specialized the activity of helping a business ,programm ,economy etc to develop by giving it money. The government is carding small,pump-priming grants to single moter who are starting their own businesses.
Pun
noun a humorous use of a word or phrase which has several meanings or which sound like another word:she made a couple of dreadful puns. This is a well-known joke based on a pun “What’s black and white and red all over A newspaper
Verb to make a pun
Punch
Noun (c)a forceful hit with a fist (="closed" hand) she gave him a punch lik on us in the nose effect
2 U the power to be interesting and have a strong effect on people ,I felt the performance speech presntation lacked punch DRnk 3 a cold or hot drink made by mixing fruit juices pieces of frut and often wine or other alcoholic drinks tool 4 a piece of equoce which cuts boles in a maena by pushing a piece of met through it a ticket punch have you seen the hole puneh anywhere?
Verb(t) hit 1 to hit someone or something with your FIST (="closed" hand);He punched him in the stomach.2 MALY US to hit with your fingers the bugins on a telephone or the kdys on a keys on a keyboard USE TOCL make a hole in something with a special piece of equipment:I was just punching holes in some sheets of paper .This belt’s too big .I’ll have to punch an extra hole in it.
Idioms punch sb’s lights out informal to hit someone repeatedly very hard punch the clock us to put a card into a special machine to record the times you amive at and leave work:After 17 years of punching the clock,he just disappeared one morning and was mever heard from again.
【小题1】
What does the word“pump”mean in “He ran in every five minutes to pump me about the case”?
| A．Talk with | B．ask for information. | C．Listen to | D．Provide with evidence |
When Sally says“The TV propram kept pumping out commercials”,she may be______.
| A．excited | B．interested | C．annoyed | D．annoyed |
What will the government most probably provide if it is engaged in a pump-priming program?
| A．sums of money | B．Raw materials |
| C．informative and significant | D．intereing and powerful |
When Sylvia says“His speech was OK but it had no real punch”,she thinks it was not_____.
| A．fluent and impressive | B．logical and moving |
| C．informative and significant | D．interestitng and powerful |
Once in Japan there lived two frogs, one of whom made his home near the town of Osaka, while the other lived in Kyoto. 36 , they didn’t know each other. Bothof them liked to see a little of the world: the Kyoto frog wanted to visit Osaka, and the Osaka frog wished to go to Kyoto.
So one morning they 37. However, the journey was more 38 than they had expected, for they didn’t know much about traveling. Half-way between the two towns, at the top of a mountain, the two frogs 39 each other! Soon they fell into 40 .
“What a(n) 41 we are too small, ” said the Osaka frog. “Otherwise, we could see both towns from here, and 42 if it is worth our going on.”
“Oh, that is easily 43 ,” replied the Kyoto frog. “We have only got to stand up on our hind (后面的) legs, and hold on to each other 44 we won’t fall down, and then we can both look at the towns we are 45 to.”
This idea 46 the Osaka frog; he stood up and put his front paws on the 47 of the other frog, who had risen also. There they both stood, stretching themselves as 48 as they could. The Kyoto frog turned his nose towards Osaka, and the Osaka frog, towards Kyoto, but the 49 frogs forgot that when they stood up, their eyes were in the backs of their heads, and that 50 their noses pointed to their destinations, yet their eyes looked at the places 51 which they had come.
“Dear me!” cried the Osaka frog. “Kyoto is 52 like Osaka. It is certainly not worth such a long journey.”
“If I had known that Osaka was only a 53 of Kyoto I should never have traveled all this way,” 54 the frog from Kyoto. Then they started off for their 55 again.
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1 A a piece of equipment which is