Some years ago, a Miami woman walking through an office building noticed two men standing together. Several minutes after her leaving, the men murdered a person working in the building. The police det 题目和参考答案——青夏教育精英家教网—

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Some years ago, a Miami woman walking through an office building noticed two men standing together. Several minutes after her leaving, the men murdered a person working in the building. The police determined that the woman was the only witness and could possibly describe them. However, her memory of the men proved disappointingly unclear. Several days later, psychologist Ronald Fisher was brought in to obtain a more complete account from the woman. His interview produced a breakthrough—the woman reported a clear picture of one of the suspects. The important information enabled the police to arrest the suspect and close the case.

The police asked Fisher for help because of his rich knowledge in cognitive interview, a kind of memory-rebuilding process. Memory researchers have found that people trying to remember a past event often only recall(回忆) part of the relevant information. Human memory is selective and it is often distorted by stress. But a person’s accurate recall of an event or understanding of a question can be improved using specific interviewing techniques. The “cognitive interview” was developed in the late 1990s. It encourages the witness to take an active role in recalling information rather than giving answers only to someone else’s questions. The witness first describes what happened in his or her own words, with no interviewer interruptions. The interviewer then goes further with specific techniques, such as having the witness tell the details of what happened from different perspectives (角度).

The cognitive interview focuses on guiding witnesses through four general recalling techniques: thinking about physical surroundings and personal feelings that existed at the time of past events; reporting everything that comes to mind about those events, no matter how broken it is; retelling events in a variety of time orders, such as from beginning to end, end to beginning, forward or backward; and adopting different perspectives while recalling events.

Experiments with police detectives trained in this demanding interview method find that they obtain nearly 50% more information from witnesses than before training, while error rates remain about the same. It is proved that cognitive interviews are quite important tools in improving the accuracy and completeness of witness testimony (证词).

The purpose of the passage is to ______.

A. give an account of a murder case

B. introduce an idea of cognitive interview

C. prove Fisher was an expert in cognitive interview

D. help a witness to recall information in a cognitive interview

What is required to recall in a cognitive interview for a witness?

A. The exact time at which a murder took place.

B. The information about the event in the time order.

C. The important things that come to his or her mind.

D. The surroundings and feelings at the time of the event.

The key point in a cognitive interview is that ______.

A. the witness is encouraged to take part in recalling information

B. the interviewer should interrupt the witness from time to time

C. the interview should take place outside the police station

D. the witness should recall details at the scene of the event

【小题1】B

【小题2】D

【小题3】A

解析:

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People who have lost the ability to understand or use words due to brain damage are called aphasics(失语症患者).Such patients can be extremely good at something else.From the changing expressions on speakers’ faces and the tones of their voices,they can tell lies from truths.

Doctors studying the human brain have given a number of examples of this amazing power of aphasics.Some have even compared this power to that of a dog with an ability to find out the drugs hidden in the baggage.

Recently,scientists carried out tests to see if all that was said about aphasics was true.THEY STUDIED A MIXED GROUP OF PEOPLE.Some were normal;others were aphasics.It was proved that the aphasics were far ahead of the normal people in recognizing false speeches—in most cases,the normal people were fooled by words,but the aphasics were not.

Some years ago,Dr.Oliver Sacks wrote in his book about his experiences with aphasics.He mentioned a particular case in a hospital.Some aphasics were watching the president giving a speech on TV.Since the president had been an actor earlier,making a good speech was no problem for him.He was trying to put his feelings into every word of his speech.

But his way of speaking had the opposite effect on the patients.They didn’t seem to believe him.Instead,they burst into laughter.The aphasics knew that the president did not mean a word of what he was saying.He was lying!

Many doctors see aphasics as people who are not completely normal because they lack the ability to understand words.However,according to Dr.Sacks,they are more gifted than normal people.Normal people may get carried away by words.Aphasics seem to understand human expressions better,though they cannot understand words.

What is so surprising about aphasics?

A.They can fool other people. B.They can find out the hidden drugs.

C.They can understand language better. D.They can tell whether people are lying.

How did the scientists study aphasics?

A.By asking them to watch TV together.

B.By organizing them into acting groups.

C.By comparing them with normal people.

D.By giving them chances to speak on TV.

What do we learn from this text?

A.What one says reflects how one feels.

B.Aphasics have richer feelings than others.

C.Normal people often tell lies in their speeches.

D.People poor at one thing can be good at another.

Some years ago I was offered a writing assignment that would require three months of travel through Europe．I had been abroad a couple of times， 36 I could hardly claim to know my way around the continent．Moreover， my 37 of foreign languages was 38 to a little college French．
I 39 ．How would I，unable to speak the language and totally 40 with local geography or transportation systems， 41 interviews and do research? It seemed 42 ，and with much regret I sat down to write a letter begging 43 ．Halfway through，a thought ran through my mind：you can’t learn if you don’t 44 ．So I accepted the assignment.
There were some bad news. But by the time I had 45 the trip I was an experienced 46 ．And ever since，I have never hesitated to 47 for even the most remote places，without guides or even 48 bookings，confident that somehow I will 49 .
The point is that the new，the 50 ，is almost by definition scary．But each time you try 51 ，you learn，and as the learning piles up，the world 52 to you.
I’ve 53 to ski at 40，and flown up the Rhine River in a balloon．And I know I’ll go on doing such things．It’s not because I’m 54 or more daring than others. I’m not. But I’ll accept anxiety as another name for 55 and I believe I can accomplish wonders．

【小题5】A. occupied B. unfamiliar C: mixed D. popular

I had an experience some years ago, which taught me something about the ways in which people make a bad situation worse by blaming themselves. One January, I had to hold two funerals on successive days for two elderly women in my community. Both had died “ full of years”, as the Bible would say. Their homes happened to be near each other, so I paid condolence(吊唁) calls on the two families on the same afternoon.
At the first home, the son of the deceased(已故的)woman said to me, “ If only I had sent my mother to Florida and gotten her out of this cold and snow, she would be alive today. It’s my fault that she died.” At the second home, the son of the other deceased woman said, “ If only I hadn’t insisted on my mother’s going to Florida, she would be alive today.That long airplane ride, the sudden change of climate, was more than she could take. It’s my fault that she’s dead.”
You see that any time there is a death, the survivors will feel guilty. Because the course of action they took turned out bad, they believe that the opposite course—keeping Mother at home, putting off the operation—would have turned out better. After all, how could it have turned out any worse?
There seem to be two elements involved in our willingness to feel guilty. The first is our pressing need to believe that the world makes sense, that there is a cause for every effect and a reason for everything that happens that leads us to find patterns and connections both where they really exist and where they exist only in our minds.
The second element is the view that we are the cause of what happens , especially the bad things that happen. It seems to be a short step from believing that every event has a cause to believe that every disaster is our fault. The roots of this feeling may lie in our childhood.
A baby comes to think that the world exists to meet his needs, and that he makes everything happen in it. He wakes up in the morning and summons the rest of the world to its tasks. He cries, and someone comes to attend to him. When he is hungry, people feed him , and when he is wet, people change him. Very often, we do not completely outgrow that childish view that our wishes cause things to happen.
1. What is said about the two deceased elderly women?
A. They lived out a natural life.
B. They died of exhaustion after the long plane ride.
C. They weren’t used to the change in weather.
D. They died due to lack of care by family members.
2. The author had to conduct the two women’s funerals probably because ______.
A. he wanted to comfort the two families
B. he was an official from the community
C. he had great pity for the deceased
D. he was minister of the local church
3. People feel guilty for the deaths of their loved ones because _____.
A. they couldn’t find a better way to express their sorrow
B. they believe that they were responsible
C. they had neglected the natural course of events
D. they didn’t know things often turn in the opposite direction
4. According to the passage, the underlined part in paragraph 4 probably means that_____.
A. everything in the world is predetermined
B. the world can be explained in different ways
C. there is an explanation for everything in the world
D. we have to be sensible in order to understand the world
5. What’s the idea of the passage?
A. Life and death is an unsolved mystery.
B. Every story should have a happy ending.
C. Never feel guilty all the time because not every disaster is our fault.
D. In general, the survivors will feel guilty about the people who passed away.

Green is an important color in nature. It is the color of grass and the leaves on trees. It is also the color of most growing plants.

Sometimes, the word green means young, fresh and growing. Sometimes, it describes something that is not yet ripe（成熟） or finished. For example, a greenhorn is someone who has no experience, who is new to a situation. In the fifteenth century, a greenhorn was a young cow or ox whose horns(角) had not yet developed. A century or so later, a greenhorn was a soldier who had not yet had any experience in battle. By the eighteenth century, a greenhorn had the meaning it has today—a person who is new in a job.

Someone who has the ability to grow plants well is said to have a green thumb. The expression comes from the early nineteen hundreds. A person with a green thumb seems to have a magic touch that makes plants grow quickly and well. You might say that the woman next door has a green thumb if her garden continues to grow long after your plants have died.

The Green Revolution is the name given some years ago to the development of new kinds of rice and other grains. The new plants produced much larger crops. The Green Revolution was the result of hard work by agricultural scientists who had green thumbs.

Green is also the color used to describe the powerful feeling, jealousy(嫉妒). The green-eyed monster is not a frightening creature from outer space. It is an expression used about four hundred years ago by British writer William Shakespeare in his play “Othello”. It describes the unpleasant feeling a person has when someone has something he wants. A young man may suffer from the green-eyed monster if his girlfriend begins going out with someone else. Or, that green-eyed monster may affect your friend if you get a pay rise and she does not.

1.Greenhorn now refers to ____.

A. a person who is new in a job B. a new solider C. a young horse D. a thumb

2.A person who has a green thumb is a person ____.

A. whose garden is greener than others’ B. whose thumbs are in green color

C. who is good at growing plants D. who is younger than his neighbors

3.The author is actually talking about ____.

A. colors B. language C. politics D. agriculture

4. Which of the following statements is NOT true according to the passage?

A. In about the 16th century, a greenhorn meant an experienced soldier

B. The Green Revolution may have some connection with green thumbs

C. The green-eyed monster was probably created by William Shakespeare

D. The green-eyed monster can be used to describe a person who is jealous

Some years ago, a Miami woman walking through an office building noticed two men standing together．Several minutes after her leaving, the men murdered a person working in the building．The police determined that the woman was the only witness and could possibly describe them．However, her memory of the men proved disappointingly unclear．Several days later, psychologist Ronald Fisher was brought in to obtain a more complete account from the woman．His interview produced a breakthrough—the woman reported a clear picture of one of the suspects．The important information enabled the police to arrest the suspect and close the case．

The police asked Fisher for help because of his rich knowledge in cognitive (认知) interview, a kind of memory-rebuilding process．Memory researchers have found that people trying to remember a past event often only recall part of the relevant information．Human memory is selective and it is often distorted by stress．But a person's accurate recall of an event or understanding of a question can be improved using specific interviewing techniques．The "cognitive interview" was developed in the late 1990s．It encourages the witness to take an active role in recalling information rather than giving answers only to someone else's questions．The witness first describes what happened in his or her own words, with no interviewer interruptions．The interviewer then goes further with specific techniques, such as having the witness tell the details of what happened from different perspectives（角度）.

The cognitive interview focuses on guiding witnesses through four general recalling techniques: thinking about physical surroundings and personal feelings that existed at the time of past events; reporting everything that comes to mind about those events, no matter how broken it is retelling events in a variety of time orders, such as from beginning to end, end to beginning, forward or backward; and adopting different perspectives while recalling events．

Experiments with police detectives trained in this demanding interview method find that they obtain nearly 50% more information from witnesses than before training, while error rates remain about the same．It is proved that cognitive interviews are quite important tools in improving the accuracy and completeness of witness testimony （证词）．

The purpose of the passage is to _____．

A．give an account of a murder case

B．introduce an idea of cognitive interview

C．prove Fisher was an expert in cognitive interview

D．help a witness to recall information in a cognitive interview

What is required to recall in a cognitive interview for a witness?

A．The exact time at which a murder took place．

B．The information about the event in the time order．

C．The important things that come to his or her mind．

D．The surroundings and feelings at the time of the event．

The key point in a cognitive interview is that

A．the witness is encouraged to take part in recalling information

B．the interviewer should interrupt the witness from time to time

C．the interview should take place outside the police station

D．the witness should recall details at the scene of the event

The underlined word "distorted" in the passage probably means " ____

A．arranged B．balanced C. changed D．examined

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