For years, there has been a bias(偏见)against science among clinical psychologists．In a two-year analysis to be published in November in Perspectives on Psychological Science, psychologists led by Timothy B．Baker of the University of Wisconsin charge that many clinical psychologists fail to “provide the treatments for which there is the strongest evidence of effectiveness” and “give more weight to their personal experiences than to science．” As a result, patients have no guarantee that their “treatment will be informed by …science．” Walter Mischel of Columbia University is even crueler in his judgment．“The disconnect between what clinical psychologists do and what science has discovered is an extreme embarrassment,” he told me, and “there is a widening gap between clinical practice and science．”
The “widening” reflects the great progress that psychological research has made in identifying the most effective treatments．Thanks to strict clinical trials, we now know that teaching patients to think about their thoughts in new, healthier ways and to act on those new ways of thinking are effective against depression, panic disorder and other problems, with multiple trials showing that these treatments－the tools of psychology－bring more lasting benefits than drugs．
You wouldn’t know this if you sought help from a typical clinical psychologist．Although many treatments are effective, relatively few psychologists learn or practice them．
Why in the world not? For one thing, says Baker, clinical psychologists are “very doubtful about the role of science” and “lack solid science training”．Also, one third of patients get better no matter what treatment(if any)they have, “and psychologists remember these successes, believing, wrongly, that they are the result of the treatment．”
When faced with evidence that treatments they offer are not supported by science, clinical psychologists argue that they know better than some study that works．A 2008 study of 591 psychologists in private practice found that they rely more on their own and colleagues’ experience than on science when deciding how to treat a patient．If they keep on this path as insurance companies demand evidence-based medicine, warns Mischel, psychology will “discredit itself．”
(1)
Many clinical psychologists fail to provide the most effective treatments because _________．
[ ]
A．
they are unfamiliar with their patients
B．
they believe in science and evidence
C．
they depend on their colleagues’ help
D．
they rely on their personal experiences
(2)
The widening gap between clinical practice and science is due to _________．
[ ]
A．
the cruel judgment by Walter Mischel
B．
the fact that most patients get better after being treated
C．
the great progress that has been made in psychological research
D．
the fact that patients prefer to take drugs rather than have other treatments
(3)
How do clinical psychologists respond when charged that their treatments are not supported by science?
[ ]
A．
They feel embarrassed．
B．
They try to defend themselves．
C．
They are disappointed．
D．
They doubt their treatments．
(4)
In Mischel’s opinion, psychology will _________．
[ ]
A．
destroy its own reputation if no improvement is made
B．
develop faster with the support of insurance companies
C．
work together with insurance companies to provide better treatment
D．
become more reliable if insurance companies won’t demand evidence-based medicine
(5)
What is the purpose of this passage?
[ ]
A．
To show the writer’s disapproval of clinical psychologists．
B．
To inform the readers of the risks of psychological treatments．
C．
To explain the effectiveness of treatments by clinical psychologists．
D．
To introduce the latest progress of medical treatment in clinical psychology．
Why do human beings still risk their lives under ground and doing one of the dirtiest and most dangerous jobs in this world?A small group of emgineers and robotics experts picture a day in the not-too-distant future when robots and other technology do most of the dangerous mining work．
One of the first mining robots was developed five years ago at Carnegie-Mdllon University’s Robotics Institute．It was called Groundhog and it looked like a golf cart,．It used lasers(激光)to“see”in the dark and map given up mines-some of the most dangerous work in the business．
The latest model is called Cave Crawler, It’s a bit smaller than grouondhog．and even more Advanced．It can take photos and videos and has sensors that can discover the presence of dangerrous gasses．Amazingly．the robot has a real sense of logic(逻辑性)．If it comes acorss something difficult, it gets monentarily punded．It has to think about what to do and where to go next．Sometimes it throws a fit just like a real person．
Myles and his colleagues hope that robots like Cove Crawler will one day be used in rescue(营救)operations“A robot could speed up the rescue process by doing discovery(侦察),”says Chuck Whittaker, a roboties engineer at Carnegie-Mellon．“The robot can go ahead and, with its sensors, report what it has found and whether jit is safe for humans to proceed．”
Using robots in rescue operations, though, is probliematic, The lasers that guide the robots don’t work in smoky environments so the engineers at Carnegie Mellon have experimnted with sonar(声纳)and radar guidance systems, and with some success．
Some experts predict that robots do the most repetitive and dangerous jobs, but won't get rid fo the need for human workers．
(1)
The underlined phrase“throws a fit”in Paragraph 3 probably means ________
[ ]
A．
gets angry
B．
gets shocked
C．
becomes confused
D．
becomed cheerful
(2)
The latest robot is more advanced than Groundhog mainly because ________
[ ]
A．
it can map given up mines
B．
it can see in the dark tunnels
C．
it’s smaller than Groundhog
D．
it has a real sense of logic
(3)
Which of the following is true according to the passage?
[ ]
A．
Mining robots do most of the mining work at present．
B．
Groundhog can discover the persence of dangerous gases．
C．
Experts are trying to make robots save miners in danger．
D．
robots can work in smoky areas with the help of a laser．
(4)
We can infer from the last paragraph that ________
[ ]
A．
the mine robots will have a very bright future
B．
robots in the sutomotive industry must be improved
C．
there will be no need for human workers in mines
D．
robots in mines will cost a lot
阅读理解
How can you hear you friends’ voices when they are far away and you can’t make a longdistance call?Beside the web camera system with your computer, we have a new hige-tech way to solve the problem and ease your pain of missing them．
The Japanese company Combiwith created a system-“talking picture”．It makes people in pictures speak!
The“talking picture”has a special pen．It is actually a pen-shaped scanner．It can scan information yhin special-made pictures．A connected player will then play the information out loud．
First, you need to take a picture and record what you want to say with the company．The will then make special barcodes(条形码)onto your picture(you can’t see those codes)．Those codes are your voice and your words．When you hold up the pen to scna your piture with barcodes．a player connected to the pen will start to play．It plays things you’ve recorded．That way the invention makes the“you”in the picture speak!
Do you want your friends and families talking out of pictures?Have them make pictures like that, and yu can hear them whernever you want, only with the“talking picture”system．The systm can play messages fo rup to 12minutes．
“The pictures would be useful for those who hope to hear the voice of someone living far away,”said Mayumi Fuji, a spokeswoman for the company．“Grandparents, for example．longing to kow about their grandchildren would be happy to hear their voices when they see the picture．”Fuji said．
But it si troublesome to go to the company for taking a special pilcture first, And, it is much more expensive than using a telephone．The phote with barcodes costs between 17,040 and 17,990(日元)(160and 169dollars)．The larger picture you want, the more you pay．
Now．just raise a finger, lonely people can have their loved ones speak put of pictures, But, whether the“talking picture”is practical or not, let’s wait and see．
(1)
What does“talking pictures”mean according to this article?
[ ]
A．
The picture can play what’s been recorded as if the person in the picture“talks”
B．
You can have a talk with the person in the picture whenever you want to．
C．
The picture can tell you wonderful stories to ease your pain．
D．
The picture can tell what’s on your mind when you are looking at it
(2)
If you want to make a talking picture, you need to do all things except ________
[ ]
A．
take a picture and record what you want tjo say with the company
B．
make special barcodes onto your picture
C．
have a pen-shaped scanner to go with the picture
D．
dial numbers to make a long-distance call
(3)
Which of the following is no true according to the passage?
[ ]
A．
The talking picture system can play messages for 12minutes at most
B．
It will cost you more to take a larger talking picture
C．
It might take a lot of trouble to make a talking picture．,
D．
You can make a talking picture by just raising a finger．
(4)
What is the attitude of the author toward the“talking picture”?
[ ]
A．
Subjective．
B．
Uncertain
C．
Positive
D．
Negative．
阅读理解
The English translations of the names of traditional Chinese dishes on menus across the country have caused public discussion about the precision(准确)of the translations．
Since more and more foreigners come to China every day, many restaurants around China are providing English translations of their menus．They want to make it easier for foreigners to order Chinese dishes when they travel．Some restaurants also hope that the translations will increase foreigners’ knowledge of Chinese cuisine(烹饪)．
But an article in China Youth Daily says the English menu translations haven’t live up to public expectation(期望)．It argues most of the English names of Chinese dishes lack the cultural meaning and attraction of the dishes they describe．Instead, the translations only provide a list of each dish’s ingredients, the article notes．For example, one English name of a Chinese dish appears as “stir-fried mutton slice with Chinese onion and green scallion(葱爆羊肉)”．
Because the English translation focuses only on the ingredients, it fails to describe the dish’s rich cultural meaning and charm．The dish’s beautiful Chinese name, “Fo Tiao Qiang(佛跳墙)”, has a story behind it．Buddhist monks(和尚)are required to eat vegetables only, but they can’t resist(忍住)the delicious dish．So they jump over the temple walls to get a taste of the dish．
The article suggests that translators provide more beautiful translations of the names of Chinese dishes．It also notes a more vivid(生动的)English translation is very important to provide international visitors with a better understanding of Chinese cuisine．
(1)
Why do many restaurants provide English translations of their menu?
[ ]
A．
Because they want to show their ingredients in dishes．
B．
Because the public expect them to do so．
C．
Because Chinese dishes are popular．
D．
Because it is convenient for foreigners to order food．
(2)
According to China Youth Daily, what is the main problem of the English menu translation?
[ ]
A．
They are too long to remember．
B．
Many of them are not correct．
C．
They lack cultural meaning and attraction．
D．
They are difficult to learn．
(3)
What can we infer from the story of “Fo Tiao Qiang” dish?
[ ]
A．
Monks can jump high．
B．
Monks lived a poor life．
C．
Old China had little meat for people．
D．
The dish attracted many people because it’s delicious．
阅读理解
To take the apple as a forbidden fruit is the most unlikely strory the Christians(基督教徒)ever cooked up．For them, the forbidden fruit from Eden is evil(邪恶的)．So when Colu brought the tomato back from South America, a land mistakenly considered to be eden, ever jumped to be the obvious conclusion．Wrongly taken as the apple of Eden, the tomato was shut o the door of Europeans．
What made it particularly terrifying was its similarity to the mandrake, a plant that was the to have come from Hell(地狱)．What earned the plant its awful reputation was its roots w looked like a dried-up human body occupied by evil spirits．Tough the tomato and the man were quite different except that both had bright red or yellow fruit, the general population consio them one and the same, to terrible to touch．
Cautious Europeans long ignored the tomato, and until the early 1700s most of the We people continued to drag their feet．In the 1880s, the daughter of a well-known plant expert that the most interestinig part of an afternoon tea at her father's house had been the “introduction this wonderful new fruit-or is it a vegetable?”As late as the twentieth century some writers classed tomatoes with mandrakes as an”evil fruit”．
But in the end tomatoes carried the day．The hero of the tomato was an American named R Johnson, and when he was publicly going to eat the tomato in 1820, people journeyed for hun of miles to watch him drop dead．”Wha are you afraid of?”he shouted．”I'll show you fools these things are good to eat!” Then he bit into the tomato．Some people fainted．But he sur and, according to a local story, set up a tomato-canning factory．
(1)
The tomato was shut out of the door of early Europeans mainly because ________．
[ ]
A．
it made Christive evil
B．
it was the apple of Eden
C．
it came from a forbidden land
D．
it was religiously unacceptable
(2)
What can we infer the underlined part in Paragraph 3?
[ ]
A．
The process of ignoring the tomato slowed down
B．
There was little pregress in the study of the tomato
C．
The tomato was still refused in most western countries
D．
Most western people continued to get rid of the tomato
(3)
What is the main reason for Robert Johnson to eat the tomato Publicly?
[ ]
A．
To manke imself a hero
B．
To remove people's fear of the tomaoto
C．
To speed up the popularityt of the tomato
D．
To persuade people to buy products fo\rom his factory
(4)
What is the main purpose of the passage?
[ ]
A．
To challenge people's fixed concept of the tomato
B．
To give an explanation to people's dislike of the tomato
C．
To present the change of people's attitudes to the tomato
D．
To show the process of freeing the tomato from religious influence
阅读理解
When asked about happiness, we usually think of something extraordinary, an absolute delight, which seems to get rarer the older we get．
For kids, happiness has a magical quality．Their delight at winning a race or getting a new bike is unreserved(毫不掩饰的)．
In the teenage years the concept of happiness changes．Suddenly it's conditional on such things as excitement, love and popularity．I can still recall the excitement of being invited to dance with the most attractive boy at the school party．
In adulthood the things that bring deep joy-love, marriage, birth-also bring responsibility and the risk of loss．For adults, happiness is complicated(复杂的)
My definition fo happiness is “the capacity for enjoyment”．The more we can enjoy what we have, the happier we are．It's easy to overlook the pleasure we get from the company of friends, the freedom to live where we please, and even goo health．
I experienced my little moments of pleasure yesterday．First I was overjoyed when I shut the last lunch-box and had the house to myself．Then I spent an uninterrupted morning writing, which I love．When the kids and my husband came home, I enjoyed their noise after the quiet of the day．
Psychologists tell us that to be happy we need a mix of enjoyable leisure time and satisfying work．I don't think that my grandmother, who raised 14 children, had much of either．She did have a network of close friends and family, and maybe this is what satisfied her．
We, however, with so many choices and such pressure to succeed in every area, have turned happiness into one more thing we’ve got to have．We’ve so self-conscious about our “right” to it that it's making us miserable．So we chase it and equal it with wealth and success, without noticing that the people who have those things aren't necessarily happier
Happiness isn't about what happens to us-it's about how we see what happens to us．It's the skillful way of finding a positive for every negative．It's not wishing for what we don't have, but enjoying what we do possess．
(1)
As people grow older, they
[ ]
A．
feel it harder to experience happiness
B．
associate their happiness less with others
C．
will take fewer risks in pursuing happiness
D．
tend to believe responsibility means happiness
(2)
What can we learn about the author from Paragraph 5 and 6?
[ ]
A．
She cares little about her own health
B．
She enjoys the freedom of traveling
C．
She is easily pleased by things in daily life
D．
She prefers getting pleasure from housework
(3)
What can b informed from Paragraph 7?
[ ]
A．
Psychologists think satisfying work is key to happiness
B．
Psychologists’opinion is well proved by Grandma’case
C．
Grandma often found time for social gatherings
D．
Grandma's happiness came from modest expectations of life
(4)
People who equal happiness with wealth and success
[ ]
A．
consider pressure something blocking their way
B．
stress then right to happiness too much
C．
are at a loss to make correct choices
D．
are more likely to be happy
(5)
What can be concluded from the passage?
[ ]
A．
Happiness lies between the positive and the negative
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