How men first learned to invent words is unknown; in other words, the origin of language is a mystery．All we really know is that men, unlike animals, somehow invented certain sounds to express though 题目和参考答案——青夏教育精英家教网—

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How men first learned to invent words is unknown; in other words, the origin of language is a mystery．All we really know is that men, unlike animals, somehow invented certain sounds to express thoughts and feelings, actions and things, so that they could communicate with each other; and that later they agreed upon certain signs, called letters, which could be combined to represent those sounds, and which could be written down．Those sounds, whether spoken, or written in letters we call words．

　　The power of words, then, lies in their combinations — the things they bring up before our minds．Words become filled with meaning for us by experience; and the longer we live, the more certain words recall to us the glad and sad events of our past; and the more we read and learn, the more the number of words that mean something to us increases．

　　Great writers are those who not only have great thoughts, but also express these thoughts in words which appeal powerfully to our minds and feelings．This charming and telling use of words is what we call literary （文字的） style．Above all, the real poet is a master of words．He can convey his meaning in words which sing like music, and which by their position and association can move men to tears．We should therefore learn to choose our words carefully and use them accurately, or they will make our speech silly and rude．

1．The origin of language _____．

A．is reflected in sounds and letters

　 B．is handed down from generation to generation

　 C．dates back to the prehistoric period

D．is a problem not yet solved

2．According to the passage, words are _____．

A．visual letters　 B．represented by sounds

C．represented either by sounds or letters D．signs called letters

3．The secret of a writer’s success is the use of words that _____．

A．recall to us the glad and sad events of our past

B．are arranged in a creative way

C．are as beautiful as music

D．agree with certain literary style

4．The author of the passage advises us _____．

A．to use words carefully and accurately B．not to use silly and rude words

C．to become a slave of words D．to use emotional words

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How men first learned to invent words is unknown, in other words, the origin of language is a mystery. All we really know is that men, unlike animals, somehow invented certain sounds to express thoughts and feelings, actions and things, so that they could communicate with each other; and that later they agreed upon certain signs, called letters, which could be combined to represent those sounds and which could be written down. Those sounds, whether spoken, or written in letters, we call words.

The power of words, then, lies in their association—the thing they bring up before our minds. Words become filled with meaning for us by experience; and the longer we live, the more certain words recall to us the glad and the sad events of our past; and the more we read and learn, the more the number of words that mean something to us increase.

Great writers are those who not only have great thoughts but also express these thoughts in words which appeal powerfully to our minds and emotions. This charming and telling use of words is what we call literary style. Above all, the real poet is a master of words. He can convey his meaning in words which sing like music, and which by their position and association can move men to tears. We should, therefore, learn to choose our words carefully and use them accurately, or they make our speech silly and vulgar.

What is the origin of language?

A. It is unknown.

B. It is a matter that is unclear.

C. It is a question difficult to answer.

D. It is a problem not yet solved.

Which of the following about a real poet is NOT true?

A. He is less than a master of words.

B. His style is always charming.

C. His poem can move men to tears.

D. He can express his ideas in words that sing like music.

Where does the real power of the words come from?

A. From the words themselves.

B. From their characteristics.

C. From their peculiarity.

D. From their association.

What is the main idea of the passage?

A. The importance of choosing words.

B. Where the real power of words come from.

C. What great writers are like.

D. We should learn to choose words carefully.

Trying to make a big decision while you’re also preparing for a scary presentation? You might want to hold off on that. Feeling stressed changes how people weigh risk and reward. However, an article published in Current Directions in Psychological Science, a journal of the Association for Psychological Science, suggests stressed people pay more attention to the positive sides of a possible outcome.

It’s a bit surprising that stress makes people focus on the way things could go right, says Mara Mather of the University of Southern California. She co-wrote the review paper with Nichole R.Lighthall. “This is sort of not what people would think, ” Mather says. “Stress is usually associated with negative experiences, so you’d think, maybe I’m going to be more focused on the negative outcomes.”

But researchers have found that when people are under stress, they start paying more attention to positive information and discounting negative information. “Stress seems to help people learn from positive feedback and impairs（削弱）their learning from negative feedback, ” Mather says.

When people under stress are making a difficult decision, they may pay more attention to the good sides of the alternatives they’re considering and less to the problems. So someone who’s deciding whether to take a new job and is feeling stressed by the decision might focus on the increase in salary more than the longer commute（上下班往返）.

The increased focus on the positives also helps explain why stress plays a role in addictions. People under stress have a harder time controlling their urges. “The compulsion to get that reward comes stronger and they’re less able to resist it,” Mather says. A person who’s under stress might think only about the good feelings they’ll get from a drug, while the downsides shrink into the distance.

Stress also increases the differences in how men and women think about risk. When men are under stress, they become even more willing to take risks; when women are stressed, they get more conservative(保守的). Previous research backs this up — men usually react to difficulties while trying to fight them or escape them; women try to find friends and improve their relationships.

1.By saying “You might want to hold off on that” in the first paragraph, the writer suggests that .

A．you might want to delay making your big decision

B．you should save the presentation for later

C．you should avoid taking risks

D．you might benefit from the stress

2.From the article, we can conclude that stress .

A．often leads people to take more risks

B．often leads people to make balanced decisions

C．makes people think more of negative results

D．makes people ignore the negative side of problems

3.Which of the following is TRUE according to the article?

A．Stress is helpful in getting rid of addictions.

B．People who are addicted to drugs are easily stressed.

C．When women are stressed, they do not tend to take risks.

D．When men are stressed, they are more likely to develop an addiction.

4.What is the central theme of the article?

A．Stress can affect decision-making.

B．Stress increases our desire to get rewards.

C．We should think more about the upside of problems.

D．There is a link between stress and negative experiences.

Space is a dangerous place, not only because of meteors (流星 ) but also because of rays from the sun and other stars. The atmosphere again acts as our protective blanket on earth. Light gets through, and this is essential for plants to make the food which we eat. Heat, too, makes our environment endurable（可忍受的）. Various kinds of rays come through the air from outer space, but enormous quantities of radiation（辐射） from the sun are screened off. As soon as men leave the atmosphere they are exposed to this radiation but their spacesuits or the walls of their spacecraft, if they are inside, do prevent a lot of radiation damage.

Radiation is the greatest known danger to explorers in space. The unit of radiation is called "rem". Scientists have reason to think that a man can put up with far more radiation than 0.1 rem without being damaged; the figure of 60 rems has been agreed on. The trouble is that it is extremely difficult to be sure about radiation damage - a person may feel perfectly well, but the cells of his or her sex organs may be damaged, and this will no be discovered until the birth of abnormal children or even grandchildren.

Missions of the Apollo flights have had to cross belts of high amount of rems. So far, no dangerous amounts of radiation have been reported, but the Apollo missions have been quite short. We simply do not know yet how men are going to get on when they spend weeks and months outside the protection of the atmosphere, working in a space laboratory. Drugs might help to decrease the damage done by radiation, but no really effective ones have been found so far.

1. According to the first paragraph, the atmosphere is essential to man in that ____.

A. it protects him against the harmful rays from space

B. it provides sufficient light for plant growth

C. it supplies the heat necessary for human survival

D. it screens off the falling meteors

2. We know from the passage that ____.

A. exposure to even tiny amounts of radiation is deadly

B. the effect of exposure to radiation is slow in coming

C. radiation is avoidable in space exploration

D. astronauts in spacesuits needn't worry about radiation damage

3. The harm radiation has done to the Apollo crew members ____

A. is significant B. seems overestimated

C. is enormous D. remains unknown

4. It can be inferred from the passage that ____.

A. the Apollo mission was very successful

B. protection from space radiation is no easy job

C. astronauts will have deformed children or grandchildren

D. radiation is not a threat to well-protected space explorers

45. The best title for this passage would be ____.

A. The Atmosphere and Our Environment B. Research on Radiation

C. Effects of Space Radiation D. Importance of Protection Against Radiation

Dieters are often advised to stop drinking alcohol to avoid the extra calories lurking in a glass of wine or a favorite cocktail. But new research suggests that women who regularly consume moderate(适度的) amounts of alcohol are less likely to gain weight than nondrinkers and are at lower risk for obesity (fatness).

The findings, reported this week in the Archives of Internal Medicine, are based on a study of 19,220 United States women aged 30 to 40 who fall into the “normal weight” based on their body mass index. Researchers at Brigham and Women’s Hospital in Boston tracked the women’s drinking habits over 13 years. About 60 percent of the women were light or regular drinkers, while about 40 percent reported drinking no alcohol.

Over the course of the study, 41 percent of the women became overweight. Although alcohol is packed with calories, the nondrinkers in the study actually gained more weight over time: nine pounds, on average, compared with an average gain of about three pounds among regular moderate drinkers. The risk of becoming overweight was almost 30 percent lower for women who consumed one or two alcohol drinks a day, compared with nondrinkers.

The findings are certain to be confusing for women who continue to receive conflicting messages about the health benefits and risks of alcohol. Although moderate drinking is associated with better heart health, regular drinking also increases breast cancer risk.

The trend toward less weight gain among drinkers doesn’t appear to hold true for men. A 2003 study of British men showed that regular drinkers gained more weight than nondrinkers. Studies suggest that drinking alcohol has different effects on eating habits among men and women. Men typically add alcohol to their daily caloric intake, whereas women are more likely to substitute（替代）alcohol for food. In addition, there may be differences in how men and women metabolize（代谢）alcohol. Metabolic studies show that after men drink alcohol, they experience little if any metabolic change. But alcohol appears to slightly speed up a woman’s metabolism.

The findings don’t mean women should rush to drink alcohol to lose weight. Other research shows that once a person is already overweight, her alcohol metabolism is more efficient, and so an overweight woman may gain more weight from alcohol than a lean(瘦的) woman. The data do, however, suggest that for many women facing weight problems, the extra calories are probably not coming from alcoholic drinks.

1. According to the study, which of the following regular drinker is less likely to gain weight than nondrinkers?

A B C D

2.That men regular drinkers gained more weight than women regular drinkers is due to the following except ______.

A. women are more likely to substitute alcohol for food.

B. men drink alcohol much faster than women.

C. men and women metabolize alcohol differently.

D. men have different effects on eating habits with women.

3. The underlined word “whereas” may probably mean _______.

A. so B. in order that C. but D. and then

4.What can a dieter probably do before reading this passage?

A. Rush to drink alcohol to lose weight

B. Add alcohol to his or her daily caloric intake.

C. Face the weight problems alone.

D. Try to stop drinking any alcohol or wine.

How men first learnt to invent words is unknown; in other words, the origin of language is a mystery． All we really know is that men, unlike animals, somehow invented certain sounds to express thoughts and feelings, actions and things, so that they could communicate with each other; and that later they agreed upon certain signs, called letters． These letters could be combined to represent those sounds, and which could be written down． Those sounds, whether spoken, or written in letters, we call words．

The power of words, then, lies in their associations---the things they bring up before our

minds． Words become filled with meaning for us by experience, and the longer we live, the more certain words recall to us the glad and sad events of our past; and the more we read and learn, the more the number of words that mean something to us increases． Great writers are those who not only have great thoughts but also express these thoughts in words which appeal powerfully to our minds and emotions． This charming and telling use of words is what we call literary style． Above all, the real poet is a master of words． He can convey his meaning in words which sing like music and which by their position and association can move men to tears． We should therefore learn to choose our words carefully and use them accurately, or they will make our speech silly and vulgar（粗俗的)．

1.Which is TRUE about the origin of language?

A．Men, as well as animals, in vented certain sounds to express thoughts．

B．The origin of language is a complicated question．

C．Words did not haven written form, at first．

D．Words were invented to represent meanings．

2.The power of words lies in ．

A．the fact that it can associate the things in the world with the ideas in our minds．

B．the fact that once word is connected with another

C．the fact that it can associate one person with another

D．the fact that it can recall to us the events of our past

3.The following statements are true EXCEPT that ．

A．the more we read and learn, the larger our vocabulary will be

B．the longer we live, the number of words that mean something to us increases

C．words can be used to represent various meanings

D．literary style is usually very charming

4.What does this passage primarily concern?

A．The Meaning of Words．

B．The Characteristics of Words．

C．The Origin of Words．

D．The Power of Words．

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