Question

       These seems never to have been a civilization without toys , but when and how they developed is unknown. They probably came about just to give children something to do.

       In the ancient world, as is today ,most boys played with some kinds of toys and most girls with another. In societies where social roles are rigidly（严格地）determined, boys pattern their play after the activities of their fathers and girls after the tasks of their mothers. This is true because boys and girls are being prepared ,even in play ,to step into the roles and responsibilities of the adult world.

       What is remarkable about the history of toys is not so much how they changed over the centuries but how much they have remained the same. It is the universality（普遍性）of toys with regard to their development in all parts of the world and their persistence to the present that is amazing .In Egypt , the Americas ,China, Japan and among the Arctic peoples, generally the same kinds of toys appeared. Variations depended on local customs and ways of life because toys imitate their surroundings. Nearly every civilization had dolls, little weapons ,toy soldiers, tiny animals and vehicles.

       Because toys can be generally regarded as a kind of art form, they have not been subject to technological leaps that characterize inventions for adult use. The progress from the wheel to the oxcart to the automobile is a direct line of ascent（上升）.

Title :76．           

	Boys’ play pattern	Girls’ play pattern	80．	83．          (one example)
Ancient world	77．	After mothers’ tasks	Being prepared for 81．	84．            The oxcart
Present time	78．            Toy soldiers Vehicles	79．            Tiny animals	Imitating 82．	85．

Answer 1

76．Civilization with Toys      77．After fathers’ activities      78．little weapons 79．dolls  80．Reasons

81．the adult world                82．their surroundings  83．Progress  84．the wheel  85．the automobile