题目内容

What happens inside the skull of a soccer player who repeatedly heads a soccer ball? That question motivate a challenging new study of the brains of experienced players that has caused discussion and debate among soccer players, and some anxiety among those of us with soccer-playing children.

For the study, researchers at the Albert Einstein College of Medicine in New York selected 34 adults,men and women. All of the volunteers had played soccer since childhood and now competed year-round in adult soccer leagues. Each filled out a detailed questionnaire developed especially for this study to determine how many times they had headed a soccer ball in the previous year, as well as whether they had experienced any known concussions(脑震荡)in the past.

Then the players completed computerized tests of their memory and other learning skills and had their brains scanned, using a complicated new MRI technique which can find structural changes in the brain that can’t be seen during most scans.

According to the data they presented at a Radiological Society of North America meeting last month,the researchers found that the players who had headed the ball more than about 1,100 times in the previous 12 months showed significant loss of white matter in parts of their brains involved with memory,attention and the processing of visual information, compared with players who had headed the ball fewer times.

This pattern of white matter loss is “similar to those seen in traumatic(外伤的)brain injury” , like that after a serious concussion, the researchers reported,even though only one of these players was reported to have ever experienced a conc ussion.

The players who had headed the ball about 1,100 times or more in the past year were also generally worse at recalling lists of words read to them, forgetting or fumbling the words far more often than players who had headed the ball less.

1.The passage is most probably a _________________.

A.news report

B.research report

C.story for soccer players

D.text for doctors

2.From the passage we can conclude that frequent heading may have  _________________.

A.significant effect on one’s brain

B.little effect on one’s brain

C.nothing to do with the brain injury

D.one’s memory improved

3.What is likely to be the cause of memory loss?

A.Playing soccer frequently.

B.Tests of their memory.

C.White matter loss.

D.Information processing.

4.The underlined word "fumbling" is closest in meaning to ________________.

A.remembering

B.misunderstanding

C.recalling

D.missing

 

【答案】

1.B

2.A

3.C

4.D

【解析】

试题分析:

1.细节题,由第二段的第一句话For the study, researchers at the Albert Einstein College of Medicine in New York selected 34 adults可以知道是研究报告,所以选B

2.细节题,由最后一段最后一句forgetting or fumbling the words far more often than players who had headed the ball less.可以知道重大影响人的大脑,所以选A

3.细节题,由倒数第三段的倒数第二行showed significant loss of white matter in parts of their brains involved with memory可以知道是白质的损失,所以选C

4.推理题,由前面的单词forgetting可以推出那个词是丢失的意思,所以选D

考点:本文为一篇研究报告性短文。

点评:经过研究发现,踢足球可以对大脑造成影响,先通读全文,然后带着问题,再读全文,找出答题所需要的依据,完成阅读。本文主要考查细节题,要求学生有很强的细节分析能力。     

 

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Motherhood may make women smarter and may help prevent dementia(痴呆) in old age by bathing the brain in protective hormones(荷尔蒙) , U.S. reseachers reported on Thursday.

Tests on rats show that those who raise two or more litters of pups do considerably better in tests of memory and skills than rats who have no babies, and their brains show changes that suggest they may be protected against diseases such as Alzheimer’s(早老痴呆症). University of Richmond psychology professor Craig Kinsley believes his findings will translate into humans.

“Our research shows that the hormones of pregnancy(怀孕) are protecting the brain, including estrogen(雌激素), which we know has many neuroprotective (保护神经的) effects,” Kinsley said.  

“It’s rat data but humans are mammals just like these animals are mammals,” he added in a telephone interview. “They go through pregnancy and hormonal changes.”

Kinsley said he hoped public health officials and researchers will look to see if having had children protects a woman from Alzheimer’s and other forms of age-related brain decline.

“When people think about pregnancy, they think about what happens to babies and the mother from the neck down,” said Kinsley, who presented his findings to the annual meeting of the Society of Neuroscience in Orlando, Florida.

“They do not realize that hormones are washing on the brain. If you look at female animals who have never gone through pregnancy, they act differently toward young. But if she goes through pregnancy, she will sacrifice her life for her infant—that is a great change in her behavior that showed in genetic alterations(改变) to the brain.”

1. How do scientists know “Motherhood may make women smarter”?

A. Some researchers have told them.

B. Many women say so.

C. They know it by experimenting on rats.

D. They know it through their own experience.

2. What does the phrase “litters of pups” mean in the second paragraph?

A. Baby rats.         B. Animals.    C. Old rats.            D. Grown-up rats.

3. What can protect the brain of a woman according to the passage?

A. Estrogen.                            B. The hormones of pregnancy.    

C. More exercise.                     D. Taking care of children.

4. “It’s rat data but humans are mammals just like these animals are mammals.” What does the sentence suggest?

A. The experiments on the rats have nothing to do with humans.

B. The experiments on the rats are very important for animals.

C. The experiments on the rats are much the same on humans.

D. The experiments on the rats are much the same on other animals.

5. Which title is the best for this passage?

A. Do You Want to Be Smarter?

B. Motherhood Makes Women Smarter

C. Mysterious Hormones  

D. An Important Study

阅读下面短文,从短文后各题所给的四个选项(A、B、C和D)中,选出可以填入空白处的最佳选项,并在答题卡上将该项涂黑。

Language is the most astonishing behavior in the animal kingdom. It is the species-typical behavior that sets humans completely   36   from all other animals. Language is a means of   37   , but it is much more than that. Many animals can   38   . The dance of the honeybee communicates the location of flowers   39   other members of the hive (蜂群). But human language permits communication about anything,   40   things like unicorns (独角兽) that have never existed. The key   41   in the fact that different words can be   42   together in different ways, according to   43   to communicate different meanings.

Language is the most important learning we do. Nothing can   44   humans so much as our ability to communicate abstract   45  , whether about the university, the mind, love, dreams, or ordering a drink. It is an extremely complex   46   that we take for granted. Indeed, we are not aware of most   47   of our speech and understanding. Consider what happens when one person is speaking to   48   . The speaker has to translate thoughts into  49   language. Brain imaging studies suggest that the time from thoughts to the   50   of speech is extremely fast. Only 0.04 seconds! The listener must hear the sounds to   51    what the speaker means. He must use the sounds of speech to   52   the spoken words, understand the pattern of   53   of the words (sentences), and finally   54   the meaning. This takes somewhat longer, a minimum of about 0.5 seconds. But once started, it is of course a(n)    55   process.

1.A. apart                      B. off                               C. up                      D. down

2.A. advertisement   B. communication   C. discovery                  D. invention

3.A. transfer           B. move                         C. convey                    D. communicate

4.A. to                            B. from                             C. over                             D. on

5.A. only             B. almost                    C. even                    D. just

6.A. stays                      B. situates                    C. hides                             D. lies

7.A. stuck                     B. joined                           C. rung                             D. controlled

8.A. rules                     B. scales                       C. laws                      D. standards

9.A. combine         B. contain                      C. define                      D. declare

10.A. activities            B. thoughts                   C. effects                           D. chances

11.A. expectation    B. progress                C. process                  D. produce

12.A. aspects         B. abstracts               C. angles                     D. assumptions

13.A. anybody              B. another              C. other                           D. everybody

14.A. body                    B. gesture             C. written                     D. spoken

15.A. growing    B. fixing                     C. beginning              D. building

16.A. put out                 B. take down                  C. draw up                          D. figure out

17.A. identify      B. locate                    C. reveal                        D. discover

18.A. performance    B. organization      C. design                      D. show

19.A. regulate    B. justify                    C. release                           D. interpret

20.A. slow                     B. interesting                 C. continuous           D. serious

 

I had an experience some years ago, which taught me something about the ways in which people make a bad situation worse by blaming themselves. One January, I had to hold two funerals on successive days for two elderly women in my community. Both had died “ full of years”, as the Bible would say. Their homes happened to be near each other, so I paid condolence(吊唁) calls on the two families on the same afternoon.

At the first home, the son of the deceased(已故的)woman said to me, “ If only I had sent my mother to Florida and gotten her out of this cold and snow, she would be alive today. It’s my fault that she died.” At the second home, the son of the other deceased woman said, “ If only I hadn’t insisted on my mother’s going to Florida, she would be alive today.. that long airplane ride, the sudden change of climate, was more than she could take. It’s my fault that she’s dead.”

You see that any time there is a death, the survivors will feel guilty. Because the course of action they took turned out bad, they believe that the opposite course—keeping Mother at home, putting off the operation—would have turned out better. After all, how could it have turned out any worse?

There are seem to be two elements involved in our willingness to feel guilty. The first is our pressing need to believe that the world makes sense, that there is a cause for every effect and a reason for everything that happens that leads us to find patterns and connections both where they really exist and where they exist only in our minds.

The second element is the view that we are the cause of what happens , especially the bad things that happen. It seems to be a short step from believing that every event has a cause to believe that every disaster is our fault. The roots of this feeling may lie in our childhood.

A baby comes to think that the world exists to meet his needs, and that he makes everything happen in it. He wakes up in the morning and summons the rest of the world to its tasks. He cries, and someone comes to attend to him. When he is hungry, people feed him , and when he is wet, people change him. Very often, we do not completely outgrow that childish view that our wishes cause things to happen.

1.What is said about the two diseased elderly women?

A.They lived out a natural life

B.They died of exhaustion after the long plane ride

C.They weren’t used to the change in weather.

D.They died due to lack of care by family members.

2.The author had to conduct the two women’s funerals probably because ______.

A.he wanted to comfort the two families

B.he was an official from the community

C.he had great pity for the deceased

D.he was minister of the local church

3.People feel guilty for the deaths of their loved ones because _____.

A.they couldn’t find a better way to express their sorrow

B.they believe that they were responsible

C.they had neglected the natural course of events

D.they didn’t know things often turn in the opposite direction

4.According to the passage, the underlined part in paragraph 4 probably means that_____.

A.everything in the world is predetermined

B.the world can be interpreted in different ways

C.there is an explanation for everything in the world

D.we have to be sensible in order to understand the world

5.What’s the idea of the passage?

A.Life and death is an unsolved mystery.

B.Every story should have a happy ending.

C.Never feel guilty all the time because not every disaster is our fault.

D.In general, the survivors will feel guilty about the people who passed away.

 

根据短文内容,从短文后的选项中选出能填入空白处的最佳选项。选项中有两项为多余选项。

If you are hungry, what do you do? Have your favorite meal and stay quiet after that?  1   But it never lets you know, because you keep it busy thinking about your friends or favorite stars.So it silently serves your needs and never lets itself grow.When mind loses its freedom to grow, creativity gets a full stop.This might be the reason why we all sometimes think "What happens next?", "Why can't I think?"

  2   Why reading but not watching TV? It is because reading has been the most educative tool used by us right from childhood.Since it develops other aspects of our life, we have to get help from reading.

Once you read a book, you run your eyes through the lines and your mind tries to explain something to you.  3  Now this seed is unknowingly used by you to develop new ideas.If it is used many times, the same seed can give you great help to relate a lot of things which you would have never thought of in your wildest dreams!

This is nothing but creativity.  4   Within no time you can start talking with your friends in English or any other language and never run out of the right words.

So guys, do give food for your thoughts by reading, reading and more reading.  5  Go and get a book!

A.The interesting part of the book is stored in your mind as a seed.

B.Why not do some reading while you are hungry?

C.Just like your stomach, your mind is also hungry.

D.Now what are you waiting for?

E.Hunger of the mind can be actually solved through wide reading.

F.Reading can help you make more friends, too.

G.Also this makes a significant contribution to your vocabulary.

 

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