A four-year-old girl sees three biscuits divided between a stuffed crocodile and a teddy bear.The crocodile gets two; the bear one.“Is that fair?” asks the experimenter.The girl judges that it is not.“How about now?” asks the experimenter, breaking the bear’s single biscuit in half.The girl cheers up: “Oh yes, now it’s fair.They both have two.” Strangely, children feel very strongly about fairness, even when they hardly understand it.

Adults care about fairness too --- but how much? One way to find out is by using the ultimatum (最后通牒) game, created by economist Werner Guth.Jack is given a pile of money and proposes how it should be divided with Jill.Jill can accept Jack’s “ultimatum”, otherwise the deal is off, and neither gets anything.

Suppose Jack and Jill don’t care about fairness, just about accumulating cash.Then Jack can offer Jill as little as he likes and Jill will still accept.After all, a little money is more than no money.But imagine, instead, that Jack and Jill both care only about fairness and that the fairest outcome is equality.Then Jack would offer Jill half the money; and Jill wouldn’t accept otherwise.

What happens when we ask people to play this game for real? It turns out that people value fairness a lot.Anyone offered less than 20-30% of the money is likely to reject it.Receiving an unfair offers makes us feel sick.Happily, most offers are pretty equitable; indeed, by far the most common is a 50-50 split.

But children, and adults, also care about a very different sort of (un)fairness, namely cheating.Think how many games of snakes and ladders have ended in arguments when one child “accidentally” miscounts her moves and another child objects.But this sense of fairness isn’t about equality of outcome: games inevitably have winners and losers.Here, fairness is about playing by the rules.

Both fairness-as-equality and fairness-as-no-cheating matter.Which is more important: equality or no-cheating? I think the answer is neither.The national lottery(彩票), like other lotteries, certainly doesn’t make the world more equal: a few people get rich and most people get nothing.Nevertheless, we hope, it is fair --- but what does this mean? The fairness-as-no-cheating viewpoint has a ready answer: a lottery is fair if it is conducted according to the “rules”.But which rules? None of us has the slightest idea, I suspect.Suppose that buried in the small print at lottery HQ is a rule that forbids people with a particular surname (let’s say, Moriarty).So a Ms Moriarty could buy a ticket each week for years without any chance of success.

How would she react if she found out? Surely with anger: how dare the organisers let her play, week after week, without mentioning that she couldn’t possibly win! She’d reasonably feel unfairly treated because ___________________.

To protest(抗议) against unfairness, then, is to make an accusation of bad faith.From this viewpoint, an equal split between the crocodile and the bear seems fair because (normally, at least), it is the only split they would both agree to.But were the girl to learn that the crocodile doesn’t like biscuits or that the bear isn’t hungry, I suspect she’d think it perfectly fair for one toy to take the whole.Inequality of biscuits (or anything else) isn’t necessarily unfair, if both parties are happy.And the unfairness of cheating comes from the same source: we’d never accept that someone else can unilaterally(单方面地) violate agreements that we have all signed up to.

So perhaps the four-year-old’s intuitions(直觉) about fairness is the beginnings of an understanding of negotiation.With a sense of fairness, people will have to make us acceptable offers (or we’ll reject their ultimatums) and stick by the (reasonable) rules, or we’ll be on the warpath.So a sense of fairness is crucial to effective negotiation; and negotiation, over toys, treats etc, is part of life.

1.It can be inferred that in the ultimatum game, _____.

A. Jack keeps back all the money

B. Jill can negotiate fair division with Jack

C. Jack has the final say in the division of money

D. Jill has no choice but to accept any amount of money

2.From Paragraph 2 to 4, we can conclude _____.

A. people will sacrifice money to avoid unfairness

B. fairness means as much to adults as to children

C. something is better than nothing after all

D. a 30-70 split is acceptable to the majority

3.Which of the following does fairness-as-no-cheating apply to?

A. divisions of housework

B. favoritism between children

C. banned drugs in sport

D. schooling opportunities

4.Which of the following best fits in the blank in Paragraph 7?

A. the lottery didn’t follow the rules

B. she was cheated out of the money

C. the lottery wasn’t equal at all

D. she would never have agreed to those rules

5.The chief factor in preventing unfairness is to _____.

A. observe agreements

B. establish rules

C. strengthen morality

D. understand negotiation

6.The main purpose of the passage is to ______

A. declare the importance of fairness

B. suggest how to achieve fairness

C. present different attitudes to fairness

D. explain why we love fairness

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When it comes to making sure our food is safe, we are often advised to wash vegetables and fruits before eating. This has been a good method recommended by food safety experts. However, is this way of cleaning also useful for raw meat? No! The US Departement of Agriculture hs been warning people against washing raw meat before cooking , as it can do more harm than good to our health. Then, why do people want to wash raw meat? Here are some answers.

Some people complain that the unpleasant smell coming from the chicken forces them to wash it.Well, this might never happen if you have bought it from a reliable source. Also, many people say that it helps to get rid of the sliminess(粘连) of the store-bought chicken. And others just want to remove the bacteria from it. But the idea that washing meat helps to clean the chicken is only partly true. This is because some of the bacteria remain firm on the surface, though the meat has been washed several times.

In fact, the surface of the chicken is often polluted with a lot of bacteria. So, when you wash the meat under the tap, it can lead to the bacteria being removed from the meat’s surface, and spreading all over the kitchen. These small infected(受到污染的)water drops can move as far as half a meter. So if you have kept any ready-to-serve dishes on your kitchen top, they are likely to get polluted, and may cause food poisoning if they are eaten.

Of course, if you are really serious about food safety, make sure that the chicken is cooked in a proper way. Eating undercooked meat is another common cause of food poisoning. Bacteria can be killed by the heat of above 70℃. This is the best way to get the bacteria present on raw meat destroyed.

In conclusion, food safety is important but that doesn’t mean that you have to wash raw meat with running water, which carries a lot of health risks.

Should raw meat be washed before cooking?

Topic

The Us Department of Agriculture has given a(n) 1._________ that it’s unnecessary to wash raw meat before cooking.

2.____for people’s washing raw meat

Some people wash raw meat to get rid of its bad 3._____.

Some people wash raw meat to get rid of its sliminess.

Some people wash raw meat to get rid of its bacteria, but it’s 4._____ to wash all of them away.

5.____ of washing raw meat before cooking

The bacteria, when6. ______ from the meat surface, can spread around the kitchen and then infect water.

The infected water may 7._____ your ready-to-serve dishes, and cause food poisoning if they are eaten.

The way to cook 8._____

Heat raw meat to above 70℃ to 9.______ the bacteria.

Conclusion

Washing raw meat before cooking cannot ensure food safety but put people’s health at10._______.

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