题目内容

12．Why won't the man go to college after graduation？
A．His grades aren't good enough．
B．He never wants to go to college．
C．His father asked him to work first．

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2．Rene Descartes'explanation of pain has long been acknowledged in medicine．He proposed that pain is a purely physical phenomenon-that tissue injury makes specific nerves send a signal to the brain，causing the mind to notice pain．The phenomenon，he said，is like pulling on a rope to ring a bell in the brain．It is hard to overstate how deeply fixed this account has become．In medicine，doctors see pain in Descartes'terms-as a physical process，a sing of tissue injury．
The limitations of this explanation，however，have been apparent for some time，since people with obvious injuries sometimes report feeling no pain at all．Later，researchers proposed that Descartes'model be replaced with what they called the gate control theory of pain．They argued that before pain signals reach the brain，they must first go through a gating mechanism in the spinal cord（脊髓）．In some cases，this imaginary gate could simply step gain signals from getting to the brain．
Their most amazing suggestion was that what controlled the gate was not just signals from sensory nerves but also emotions and other"output"from the brain．They were saying that pulling on the rope need not make the bell ring．The bell itself-the mind-could stop it．This theory led to a great deal of research into how such factors as mood，gender，and beliefs influence the experience of pain．In a British study，for example，researchers measured pain threshold and tolerance levels in 53 ballet dancers and 53 university students by using a common measurement：after immersing your hand in body-temperature water for two mintues to establish a baseline condition，you put your hand in a bowl of ice water and start a clock running．You mark the time when it begins to hurt：that is your pain threshold．Then you mark the time when it hurts too much to keep your hand in the water：that is your pain tolerance．The test is always stopped at 120 seconds，to prevent injury．
The results were striking．On average female students reported pain at 16 seconds and pulled their hands out of the ice water at 37 seconds．Female dancers were almost three times as long on both counts．Men in both groups had a higher threshold and tolerance for pain，but the difference between mals dancers and mals nondancers was nearly as large．What explains that difference？Probably it has something to do with the psychology of ballet dancers-a group known for self-discipline，physical fitness，and competitiveness，as well as by a high rate of chronic（慢性）injury．Their driven personalities and competitive culture evidently accustom them to pain．Other studies along these lines have shown that outgoing people have greater pain tolerance and that，with training，one can reduce one's sensitivity to pain．
There is also striking evidence that very simple kinds of mental suggestion can have powerful effects on pain．In one study of 500 patients undergoing dental procedures，those who were given a placebo injection and promised that it would relieve their pain had the least discomfort-not only less than the patients who got a placebo and were told nothing but also less than the patients who got actual drug without any promise that it would work．
Today it is abundantly evident that the brain is actively involved in the experience of pain and is no more bell on a string．Today every medical textbook teaches the gate control theory as fact．There's a problem with it，though．It explains people who have injuries but feel no pain，but it doesn't explain the reverse，which is far more common-the millions of people who experience chronic pain，such as back pain，with no signs of injury whatsoever．So where does the pain come from？The rope and clapper are gone，but the bell is still ringing．

50．The primary purpose of the passage is toA．
    A．describe how modern research has updated an old explanation．
    B．support a traditional view with new data．
    C．promote a particular attitude towards physical experience．
    D．suggest a creative treatment for a medical condition．
51．Which statement best describes Descartes theory of pain presented in paragraph 1？D
    A．The brain can shut pain off at will．
    B．The brain plays no part in the body's experience of pain．
    C．Pain can be caused in many different ways．
    D．Pain is an automatic response to bodily injury．
52．The author implies that the reason why the gate control was"amazing"was that itA
    A．offered an extremely new and original explanation．
    B．was just opposite to people's everyday experiences．
    C．was grounded in an ridiculous logic．
    D．was so sensible it should have been proposed centuries before．
53．The author refers to"chronic back pain"as an example of something that isB
    A．costly，because it troubles millions of people．
    B．puzzling，because it sometimes has no obvious cause．
    C．disappointing，because it does not improve with treatment．
    D．worrying，because it lies beyond the reach of medicine．
54．The last sentence of the passage serves mainly to express thatC
    A．scientific judgments are difficult to understand．
    B．theoretical investigations are generally useless．
    C．researchers still have a long way to go before the puzzle is made clear．
    D．there is always something puzzling at the heart of science．
3．It's I who __________ the Christmas gift to you．（　　）
A．has sentB．are due to fetch
C．have sentD．is due to fetch
20．The medical world is gradually realizing that the quality of the environment in hospitals may play a significant role in the process of recovery from illness．
As part of a nationwide effort in Britain to bring art out of the galleries and into public places，some of the country's most talented artists have been called in to transform older hospitals and to soften the hard edges of modern buildings．Of the 2，500National Health Service hospitals in Britain，almost 100now have significant collections of contemporary art in corridors，waiting areas and treatment rooms．
These recent initiatives owe a great deal to one artist，Peter Senior，who set up his studio at a Manchester hospital in northeastern England during the early 1970s．He felt the artist had lost his place in modern society，and that art should be enjoyed by a wider audience．
A typical hospital waiting room might have as many as 500visitors each week．What better place to hold regular exhibitions of art？Senior held the first exhibition of his own paintings in the out-patients waiting area of the Manchester Royal Hospital in 1975．Believed to be Britain's first hospital artist，Senior was so much in demand that he was soon joined by a team of six young art school graduates．
The effect is striking．Now in the corridors and waiting rooms the visitor experiences a full view of fresh colors，playful images and restful courtyards．
The quality of the environment may reduce the need for expensive drugs when a patient is recovering from an illness．A study has shown that patients who had a view onto a garden needed half the number of strong pain killers compared with patients who had no view at all or only a brick wall to look at．
32．According to the passage，"to soften the hard edges of modern buildings"meansB．
A．to pull down hospital buildings
B．to decorate hospitals with art collections
C．to improve the quality of treatment in hospitals
D．to make the corners of hospital buildings round
33．According to Peter Senior，D．
A．art is not as important in people's daily life as in hospital
B．art galleries should be changed into hospitals
C．patients should be encouraged to learn painting
D．art should be encouraged in British hospitals
34．After the improvement of the hospital environment，B．
A．patients no longer need expensive drugs in their recovery
B．patients are less dependent on expensive drugs in their recovery
C．patients need good-quality drugs in their recovery
D．patients use fewer pain killers in their recovery than before
35．The fact that Senior is in great demand shows thatD．
A．Peter's enterprise is developing greatly
B．Peter Senior enjoys great popularity
C．he is a talented hospital artist
D．the role of hospital environment is being recognized．
7．听第9段材料，回答第14至16题．
14．Who is to blame for Buster's missing？
A．LilyB．BenC．Johnson
15．What does Buster often do？
A．Walk with Lily to school  B．Chase Johnson in the yard
C．Wait for the man in the park
16．What has the woman been doing？
A．Telling him a story about her dog．B．Asking the man to give up．
C．Comforting the man．
17．Where are the speakers？
A．At home．
B．In a restaurant．
C．In a hotel．
4．听第8段材料，回答第11至13题
11．What was the woman's original plan？
A．To study in a law school．B．To work as a lawyerabroad．C．To go abroad for further study．
12．Why did the woman change her mind？
A．She found it was a trick to her．B．She found it unwise to go abroad．
C．She thought it would cost her too much．
13．What do the speakers decide to do？
A．Keep in touch．B．Have dinner today．C．Make a call tonight．
1．听第6 段材料，回答第6 至7 题．
6．What will the man do on Friday afternoon？
A．Take a walk．B．Attend a lecture．C．Have a good rest．
7．Who will the man pick up on Friday night？
A．His sister．B．His brother．C．His uncle．
2．听第6 段材料，回答第6 至7 题．
6．What is the woman going to do？
A．Play tennis．   B．Go swimming．   C．Go cycling．
7．What is the possible relationship between the speakers？
A．Classmates．   B．Colleagues．   C．Husband and wife．

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