Question

Birds that are literally half asleep－with one brain hemisphere alert and the other sleeping－control which side of the brain remains awake, according to a new study of sleeping ducks．Earlier studies have documented half brain sleep in a wide range of birds．The brain hemispheres take turns sinking into the sleep stage characterized by slow brain waves．The eye controlled by the sleeping hemisphere keeps shut, while the wakeful hemisphere's eye stays open and alert．Birds also can sleep with both hemispheres resting at once． 　　Decades of studies of bird flocks led researchers to predict extra alertness in the more vulnerable, end of the row sleepers．Sure enough, in the end birds tended to watch carefully on the side away from their companions．Ducks in the inner spots showed no preference for gaze direction． 　　Also, birds dozing(打盹)at the end of the line resorted to single hemisphere sleep, rather than total relaxation, more often than inner ducks did．Rotating 16 birds through the positions in a four duck row, the researchers found outer birds half asleep during some 32 percent of dozing time versus about 12 percent for birds in internal spots． 　　"We believe this is the first evidence for an animal behaviorally controlling sleep and wakefulness simultaneously in different regions of the brain，"the researchers say． 　　The results provide the best evidence for a long standing supposition that single hemisphere sleep evolved as creatures scanned for enemies．The preference for opening an eye on the lookout side could be widespread, he predicts．He's seen it in a pair of birds dozing side by side in the zoo and in a single pet bird sleeping by a mirror．The mirror side eye closed as if the reflection were companion and the other eye stayed open． 　　Useful as half sleeping might be, it's only been found in birds and such water mammals(哺乳动物)as dolphins, whales, and seals．Perhaps keeping one side of the brain awake allows a sleeping animal to surface occasionally to avoid drowning． 　　Studies of birds may offer unique insights into sleep．Jerome M．Siegel of the UCLA says he wonders if birds' half brain sleep "is just the tip of the iceberg(冰山)" He speculates that more examples may turn up when we take a closer look at other species． (1) A new study on birds' sleep has revealed that ________． [　　] A． half brain sleep is found in a wide variety of birds B． half brain sleep is characterized by slow brain waves C． birds can control their half brain sleep consciously D． birds seldom sleep with the whole of their brain at rest (2) According to the passage, birds often half sleep because ________． [　　] A． they have to watch out for possible attacks B． their brain hemispheres take turns to rest C． the two halves of their brain are differently structured D． they have to constantly keep an eye on their companions (3) The example of a bird sleeping in front of a mirror indicates that ________． [　　] A． the phenomenon of birds dozing in pairs is widespread B． birds prefer to sleep in pairs for the sake of security C． even an imagined companion gives the bird a sense of security D． a single pet bird enjoys seeing its own reflection in the mirror (4) While sleeping, some water mammals tend to keep half awake in order to ________． [　　] A． alert themselves to the approaching enemy B． emerge from water now and then to breathe C． be sensitive to the ever changing environment D． avoid being swept away by rapid currents

Answer 1

答案：1．C;2．A;3．C;4．B;
解析：

(1)	根据文章第1－6段可知，对鸟类睡眠的最新研究表明，它们能够有意识地控制自己的半脑睡眠。这几段举例说明了对这个问题实验的情况。选项A)、B)、D)虽在文章第2段中也提到了，但那是文献记载的以前研究的情况(Earlier studies have documented…)故均不是正确答案。
(2)	根据文章第6段The results provide the best evidence for along standing supposition that single hemisphere sleep evolved as creatures scanned for enemies．(这些研究结果为一个长久以来的假设提供了最好的证据，即单侧脑睡眠是在生物警惕敌人过程中进化形成的。)
(3)	根据文章第6段内容：鸟类单侧脑睡眠是在警惕敌人过程中进化而来，此结论还可推而广之。在需要警惕的一侧，鸟儿喜欢睁着一只眼睛…，一对动物园里的鸟儿挨着打瞌睡时是如此，宠物鸟靠镜子一侧的眼睛闭着，好象镜子中的影子是一个伙伴，而另一只眼睛却睁着，也说明这种情况。所以选项C)是答案。
(4)	根据文章第7段第2句Perhaps keeping one side of the brain awake allows a sleeping animal to surface occasionally to avoid drowning．(也许，保持一侧脑醒着可以使睡眠中的动物不时浮出水面而刁；淹死。)所以B)emerge from water now and then to breathe(不时浮出水面来呼吸)是正确答案。