.Culture shock is a feeling most travellers experience in a foreign country they find the culture is quite different from that of their own. A. that; which B. that; where C. when; where D. which, whic 题目和参考答案——青夏教育精英家教网—

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.Culture shock is a feeling________ most travellers experience in a foreign country_______

they find the culture is quite different from that of their own.

A. that; which B. that; where C. when; where D. which； which

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　　Material culture refers to the touchable, material “things”－physical objects that can be seen, held, felt, used－that a culture produces．Examining a culture’s tools and technology can tell us about the group’s history and way of life．Similarly, research into the material culture of music can help us to understand the music-culture．The most vivid body of “things”in it, of course, are musical instruments．We cannot hear for ourselves the actual sound of any musical performance before the 1870s when the phonograph was invented, so we depend on instruments for important information about music-cultures in the remote(faraway in time)past and their development．

　　Here we have two kinds of evidence：instruments well-kept and instruments pictured in art．Through the study of instruments, as well as paintings, written documents, and so on, we can explore the movement of music from the Near East to China over a thousand years ago, or we can outline the spread of Near Eastern effect to Europe that resulted in the development of most of the instruments in the symphony orchestra．

　　Sheet music or printed music, too, is material culture．Scholars once defined folk music-cultures as those in which people learn and sing music by ear rather than from print, but research shows each other’s influence among oral and written sources during the past few centuries in Europe, Britain and America．Printed versions limit variety because they are likely to standardize any song, yet they encourage and force people to make new and different songs．Besides, the ability to read music notation has a far-reaching effect on musicians and, when it becomes widespread, on the music-culture as a whole．

　　One more important part of music’s material culture should be singled out：the effect of the electronic media-radio, record player, tape recorder, television, and video cassette, with the future promising talking and singing computers and other developments．This is all part of the “information revolution”, a twentieth-century phenomenon as important as the industrial revolution was in the nineteenth．These electronic media are not just limited to modern nations; they have affected music-cultures all over the world．

(1)

Research into the material culture of a nation is of great importance because ________．
[　　]
A．	it helps produce new cultural tools and technology
B．	it can express the development of the nation
C．	it helps understand the nation’s past and present
D．	it can present the nation’s civilization(文明)

(2)

It can be learned from this passage that ________．
[　　]
A．	the existence of the symphony was regarded as a thing caused by the spread of Near Eastern and Chinese music
B．	Near Eastern music had an effect on the development of the instruments in the symphony orchestra
C．	the development of the symphony shows the effect of Eastern and Western music between each other
D．	the musical instruments in the symphony orchestra was developed on the basis of Near Eastern music

(3)

According to the author, music notation(乐谱)is important because ________．
[　　]
A．	it has a great effect on the music-culture as more and more people are able to read it
B．	it is likely to standardize folk songs when it is used by folk musicians
C．	it is the printed version of standardized folk music
D．	it encourages people to popularize printed versions of songs

(4)

Which of the following best summarizes the main idea of the passage?
[　　]
A．	Musical instruments developed through the years will sooner or later be replaced by computers．
B．	Music cannot be passed on to future generations unless it is recorded．
C．	Folk songs cannot be spread far unless they are printed on music sheets．
D．	The development of music culture is highly dependent on its material world．

One cause of misconceptions is ethnocentrism, the belief that one’s own culture’s way of doing things is better than the way of other cultures. It’s ethnocentrism that leads to failure in international business. To avoid ethnocentrism, it’s necessary to study the different elements(组成部分) of culture: language, values and attitudes ,and customs and manners.

Language

A knowledge of the local language can help international business people in four ways. First, people can communicates directly. Second, people are usually more open in their communication

With someone who speaks their language. Third, an understanding of the language allows people to infer meanings that are not said directly. Finally, knowing the language helps people to understand the culture better.

Values and Attitudes

Values are people’s basic beliefs about the difference between right and wrong, good and bad. An attitude is way of thinking or acting. Values and attitudes influence international business. For

Example, many people in the United States believe that chocolate from Switzerland is better than chocolate from other countries, and they buy a lot of it.

Customs and Manners

Customs are common social practices. Manners are ways of acting that the society believes are polite. For example, in the United States, it is custom to have salad(色拉) before the main course at dinner, not after. It’s not acceptable to talk with food in mouth at table. Failure to understand the customs and manners of other countries will bring difficulty selling their products. Orange juice as a breakfast drink of an American company in France doesn’t sell well because the French don’t usually drink juice with breakfast.

57. A knowledge of the local language allows international business people __________.

A. to be more open with their customers

B. to communicate without outside help

C. to express their thoughts indirectly

D. to have a better idea of their own culture

58. The act of many people buying chocolate of Switzerland shows the role of __________.

A. manners B. values C. attitudes D. customs

59. What would be the best title for the text?

A. Misconceptions in Business B. Basic Beliefs in Business

C. International Business Culture D. Successful International Business

60. The author’s purpose of writing this article is to tell people _________.

A. how to take a right attitude in business

B. how to avoid misunderstandings in business

C. how to use a local language in business

D. how to act politely and properly in business

Successful people in international business understand the cultures of other countries and learn to change their practices in different cultures. They understand the importance of avoiding business decisions based on misconceptions—mistaken ideas.
One cause of misconceptions is ethnocentrism, the belief that one’s own culture’s way of doing things is better than the way of other cultures. It’s ethnocentrism that leads to failure in international business. To avoid ethnocentrism, it’s necessary to study the different elements（组成部分）of culture: language, values and attitudes, and customs and manners.
Language
A. knowledge of the local language can help international business people in four ways. First, people can communicate directly. Second, people are usually more open in their communication with someone who speaks their language. Third, an understanding of the language allows people to infer meanings that are not said directly. Finally, knowing the language helps people to understand the culture better.
Values are people’s basic beliefs about the difference between right and wrong, good and bad . An attitude is a way of thinking or acting. Values and attitudes influence international business. For example, many people in the United States believe that chocolate from Switzerland is better than chocolate from other countries, and they buy a lot of it.
Customs and manners
Customs are common social practices. Manners are ways of acting that the society believes are polite. For example, in the United States, it is the custom to have salad before the main course at dinner, not after. It’s not acceptable to talk with food in mouth at table. Failure to understand the customs and manners of other countries will bring difficulty selling their products. Orange juice as a breakfast drink of an American company in France doesn’t sell well because the French don’t usually drink juice with breakfast.
【小题1】A. knowledge of the local language allows international business people _________.
A. to be more open with their customers
B. to have a better idea of their own culture
C. to express their thoughts indirectly
D. to communicate without outside help
【小题2】The act of many people buying chocolate of Switzerland shows the role of ________.

【小题3】What would be the best title for the text?

A．Misconceptions in Business

B．Basic Beliefs in Business

C．International Business Culture

D．Successful International Business

【小题4】The author’s purpose of writing this article is to tell people ___________

A．how to take a right attitude in business

B．how to avoid misunderstandings in business

C．how to use a local language in business

D．how to act politely and properly in business

A study of art history might be a good way to learn more about a culture than is possible to learn in general history classes. Most typical history courses concentrate on politics, economics and war. But art history focuses on much more than this because art reflects not only the political values of a people, but also religious beliefs, emotions and psychology. In addition, information about the daily activities of our ancestors can be provided by art. In short, art expresses the essential qualities of a time and a place, and a study of it clearly offers us a deeper understanding than can be found in most history books.
In history books, objective (客观的) information about the political life of a country is presented; that is, facts about politics are given, but opinions are not expressed. Art, on the other hand, is subjective: it reflects emotions and opinions. The great Spanish painter Francisco Goya was perhaps the first truly “political” artist. In his well-known painting The Third of May, 1808, he criticized the Spanish government for its abuse of power over people.
In the same way, art can reflect a culture’s religious beliefs. For hundreds of years in Europe, religious art had been almost the only type of art that existed. Churches and other religious buildings were filled with paintings that described people and stories from the Bible. Although most people couldn’t read, they could still understand the Bible stories in the pictures on church walls. By contrast (对比), one of the main characteristics of art in the Middle East was (and still is) its absence of human and animal images. This reflects the Islamic belief that statues are not holy.
63. Which of the following statements has the closest meaning to the underlined sentence?
A. General history only focuses on politics.
B. Art history shows us nothing but the political values.
C. General history concerns only religious beliefs, emotions and psychology.
D. Art history gives us an insight (洞察力) into the essential qualities of a time and a place.
64. Art is subjective in that __________.
A. it can easily arouse people’s anger about their government
B. it only reflects people’s anger or sadness about social problems.
C. a personal and emotional view of history is presented through it.
D. artists were or are religious, who reflect only the religious aspect of the society.
65. Which of the following statements is TRUE according to the passage?
A. Francisco Goya expressed his religious belief in his painting.
B. In history books political views of people are entirely presented.
C. For centuries in Europe, painters had only painted on walls of churches.
D. In the Middle East, you can hardly find animal or human figures on church walls.
66. What’s the main topic of the passage?
A. The development of art history.
B. What we can learn from art.
C. The influence of artists on art history.
D. The difference between general history and art history.

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You might think body language is universal. After all, we're the same species, right? But basics like what is considered a polite greeting and definitions of "personal space" vary widely from culture to culture. Americans, for instance, are considered rather reserved in the way they greet friends, and they define personal space more broadly than most other cultures. Knowing how another culture's basic body language differs from yours may be of use next time you travel internationally.

Mind how you meet and greet. Americans and Canadians, male and female, tend to greet each other with a nice firm handshake. In Asian countries, the polite form of greeting is to bow, and the lower you bow, the deeper respect you have for the person you are bowing to. In Spain, Portugal, Italy and Eastern Europe, men kiss each other on the cheek.

Be careful about eye contact. In America, intermittent(断断续续的) eye contact is preferable in a conversation--unless it's someone you care deeply for. In Middle Eastern countries, intense prolonged(持久的) eye contact is the norm, and the person you're speaking with will move very close to you to maintain it. The Japanese, on the other hand, consider it an invasion of privacy, and rarely look another person in the eye.

Americans, in general, smile when they meet or greet someone. Koreans, however, think it's rude for adults to smile in public--to them, smiling in public is a sign of embarrassment.

Don't point. Most Americans think nothing of pointing at an object or another person. Native Americans consider it extremely rude to point with a finger, and instead they point with their chin. It's also rude to point with a finger in China; the polite alternative is to use the whole hand, palm facing up.

Give the right amount of space. In Asian cultures, particularly China, the concept of personal space (generally defined in America as a three-to-four-foot circle for casual and business acquaintances) is nearly nonexistent. Strangers regularly touch bodies when standing in line for, say, movie tickets. People in Scandinavian countries, on the other hand, need more personal space than we do.

Title: How to (71)_______ Body Language in Different Cultures

Items	In America	In some Asian countries
Meeting and greeting	Both male and female have a (72)_______ to greet each other with a nice firm handshake.	It’s polite for people to bow when they meet and greet.
Eye contact	People (73)_______ to make an intermittent eye contact in a conversation.	Considering intense prolonged eye contact unacceptable, Japanese won’t look another person in the eye.
Smiling	It’s normal for Americans to smile when they meet and greet.	In Korean, people seldom smile in public because it represents (74)_______.
Pointing	Most Americans often point at an object or another person (76)_______ native Americans.	Chinese always try to (75)_______ pointing with a finger because it’s a rude manner.
Personal space	Americans (77)_______ to keep a three-to-four-foot distance when they are with casual and business acquaintances.	It’s almost (78)_______ in China.
(79)_______	People behave great differently in different culture and knowing the differences of body language may be (80)_______ when you travel abroad.

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