题目内容

Scientists have proved that sleeping and learning go hand in hand. Even a short nap can boost our memory and sharpen our thinking. But the relationship goes deeper than that.
“The brain is not passive while you sleep,” scientist Anat Arzi said. “It’s quite active. You can do many things while you are asleep.”
Arzi and her coworkers didn’t try to teach the sleeping volunteers any complex information, like new words or facts. Instead, the scientists taught volunteers to make new connections between smells and sounds.
When we smell something good, like a flower, we take deep breaths. When we smell something bad, we take short breaths. Arzi and her co-workers based their experiment on these reactions.
Once the volunteers fell asleep in the lab, the scientists went to work. They gave them a whiff of something pleasant and meanwhile played a particular musical note. They didn’t wake up, but they heard—and sniffed(吸气) deeply. Then the scientists gave the volunteers a whiff of something terrible and played a different musical note. Again, the volunteers heard and smelled—a short snort this
time—but didn’t wake up. The researchers repeated the experiment.
After just four repetitions, volunteers made a connection between the musical notes and their paired smells. When the scientists played the musical tone that went with good smells, the sleepers breathed deeply. And when the scientists played the musical tone that went with bad smells, the sleepers breathed briefly—despite there being no bad smell.
The next day, the volunteers woke up with the sound-smell connection. They breathed deeply when hearing one tone and cut their breaths short when hearing the other, which must have been unusual for them. Imagine walking down the street and taking a deep breath upon hearing a particular sound!
【小题1】In the study, the volunteers were taught _______. 

A.to become active during sleep
B.to tell the difference between smell
C.to learn new words and scientific facts
D.to make sound-smell connections
【小题2】 How did the volunteers react when smelling something nice and hearing musical notes?
A.They took a deep breath.B.They had a wonderful dream.
C.They woke up at once.D.They took a short breath.
【小题3】 When the volunteers woke up the next day, they_______.
A.learned how to play to musical tones
B.forgot what happened during their sleep
C.continued with the sound-smell connection
D.changed their reaction when hearing.
【小题4】The passage mainly tell us______
A.special smells and sounds can improve our memory.
B.our brain can actually learn something new during the sleep.
C.the volunteers will always hear similar sounds in the street.
D.our brain can tell the difference between smells during the sleep.
【小题5】Which of the following is NOT true?
A.A short sleep can improve our memory and sharpen our thinking.
B.Arzi and her coworkers didn’t try to teach the sleeping volunteer some simple information.
C.When the volunteer smelt something terrible, they didn’t wake up.
D.After four repetitions, volunteers made a connection between the musical notes and their pared smells.


【小题1】D
【小题2】A
【小题3】C
【小题4】B
【小题5】B

解析试题分析:本文主要讲述的是人在睡眠的时候,我们的大脑仍然是活跃的,仍然在学习很多新鲜的知识,文章中还描述了一个具体的实验来证明这一点。
【小题1】D 细节题。根据第三段最后一句Instead, the scientists taught volunteers to make new connections between smells and sounds.可知在这个实验里,主要是把声音和味道联系在一起的。故D正确。
【小题2】A 细节题。根据文章第五段前3行They gave them a whiff of something pleasant and meanwhile played a particular musical note. They didn’t wake up, but they heard—and sniffed(吸气) deeply可知当人们闻到好的味道时候,会做深呼吸。故A正确。
【小题3】C 推理题。根据文章最后一段前3行The next day, the volunteers woke up with the sound-smell connection. They breathed deeply when hearing one tone and cut their breaths short when hearing the other, which must have been unusual for them.可知当人们第二天苏醒以后仍然有同样的联系。故C正确。
【小题4】B 主旨大意题。根据文章主题段1,2段Scientists have proved that sleeping and learning go hand in hand. Even a short nap can boost our memory and sharpen our thinking. But the relationship goes deeper than that.和“The brain is not passive while you sleep,” scientist Anat Arzi said. “It’s quite active. You can do many things while you are asleep.”可知本文主要讲述的是在睡眠的时候我们的大脑也在学习某些东西,后面的实验也证明了这一点。故B正确。
【小题5】B 细节题。根据文章第二段Arzi and her coworkers didn’t try to teach the sleeping volunteers any complex information, like new words or facts. 可知B项内容错误。
考点:考察科普类短文阅读
点评:本文主要讲述的是人在睡眠的时候,我们的大脑仍然是活跃的,仍然在学习很多新鲜的知识,文章中还描述了一个具体的实验来证明这一点。本文考查细节题为主,细节题可以在文章中直接找到与答案有关的信息?或是其变体。搜查信息在阅读中非常重要它包括理解作者在叙述某事时使用的具体事实、数据、图表等细节信息。在一篇短文里大部分篇幅都属于这类围绕主体展开的细节。做这类题一般采用寻读法?即先读题,然后带着问题快速阅读短文,找出与问题有关的词语或句子,再对相关部分进行分析对比,找出答案。

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Batteries can power anything from small sensors to large systems. While scientists are finding ways to make them smaller but even more powerful, problems can arise when these batteries are much larger and heavier than the devices themselves. University of Missouri(MU) researchers are developing a nuclear energy source that is smaller, lighter and more efficient.

“To provide enough power, we need certain methods with high energy density(密度)”,said Jae Kwon, assistant professor of electrical and computer engineering at MU. “The radioisotope(放射性同位素) battery can provide power density that is much higher than chemical batteries.”

Kwon and his research team have been working on building a small nuclear battery, presently the size and thickness of a penny, intended to power various micro / nanoelectromechanical systems (M/NEMS). Although nuclear batteries can cause concerns, Kwon said they are safe.

“People hear the word ‘nuclear’ and think of something very dangerous,” he said, “However, nuclear power sources have already been safely powering a variety of devices, such as pace-makers, space satellites and underwater systems.”

His new idea is not only in the battery’s size, but also in its semiconductor(半导体). Kwon’s battery uses a liquid semiconductor rather than a solid semiconductor.

“The key part of using a radioactive battery is that when you harvest the energy, part of the radiation energy can damage the lattice structure(晶体结构) of the solid semiconductor,” Kwon said, “By using a liquid semiconductor, we believe we can minimize that problem.”

Together with J. David Robertson, chemistry professor and associate director of the MU Research Reactor, Kwon is working to build and test the battery. In the future, they hope to increase the battery’s power, shrink its size and try with various other materials. Kwon said that battery could be thinner than the thickness of human hair.

Which of the following is true of Jae Kwon?

A. He teaches chemistry at MU.

B. He developed a chemical battery.

C. He is working on a nuclear energy source.

D. He made a breakthrough in computer engineering.

Jae Kwon gave examples in Paragraph 4_________.

A. to show chemical batteries are widely applied.

B. to introduce nuclear batteries can be safely used.

C. to describe a nuclear-powered system.

D. to introduce various energy sources.

Liquid semiconductor is used to _________.

A. get rid of the radioactive waste

B. test the power of nuclear batteries.

C. decrease the size of nuclear batteries

D. reduce the damage to lattice structure.

According to Jae Kwon, his nuclear battery _______.

A. uses a solid semiconductor

B. will soon replace the present ones.

C. could be extremely thin

D. has passed the final test.

The text is most probably a ________.

A. science news report  B. book review

C. newspaper ad    D. science fiction story

PART FOUR   WRITING (45%)

    People diet to look more attractive. Fish diet to avoid being beaten up, thrown out of their social group, and getting eaten as a result. That is the fascinating conclusion of the latest research into fish behavior by a team of Australian scientists.

The research team have discovered that subordinate fish voluntarily diet to avoid challenging their larger competitors. “In studying gobies we noticed that only the largest two individuals, a male and female, had breeding(繁殖) rights within the group," explains Marian Wrong. “All other group members are nonbreeding females, each being 5-10% smaller than its next largest competitor. We wanted to find out how they maintain this precise size separation."

The reason for the size difference was easy to see. Once a subordinate fish grows to within 5-10% of the size of its larger competitor, it causes a fight which usually ends in the smaller goby being driven away from the group. More often than not, the evicted fish is then eaten up.

It appeared that the smaller fish were keeping themselves small in order to avoid challenging the boss fish. Whether they did so voluntarily, by restraining how much they ate, was not clear. The research team decided to do an experiment. They tried to fatten up some of the subordinate gobies to see what happened. To their surprise, the gobies simply refused the extra food they were offered, clearly preferring to remain small and avoid fights, over having a feast.

 The discovery challenges the traditional scientific view of how boss individuals keep their position in a group. Previously it was thought that large individuals simply used their weight and size to threaten their subordinates and take more of the food for themselves, so keeping their competitors small.

While the habits of gobies may seem a little mysterious. Dr. Wong explains that understanding the relationships between boss and subordinate animals is important to understanding how hierarchical(等级的) societies remain stable.

The research has proved the fact that voluntary dieting is a habit far from exclusive to human.”As yet, we lack a complete understanding of how widespread the voluntary reduction of food intake is in nature," the researchers comment. “Data on human dieting suggests that, while humans generally diet to improve health or increase attractiveness, rarely does it improve long-term health and males regularly prefer females that are fatter than the females' own ideal."

65 When a goby grows to within 5-10% of the size of its larger competitor, it ______.

A. faces danger       B. has breeding rights

C. eats its competitor     D. leaves the group itself

66. The underlined words “the evicted fish" in Paragraph 3 refer to _____.

A. the fish beaten up       B. the fish found out

C. the fish fattened up     D. the fish driven away

67 The experiment showed that smaller fish ____.

A. fought over a feast        B. went on diet willingly

C. preferred some extra food  D. challenged the boss fish

68. What is the text mainly about?

A. Fish dieting and human dieting.

B. Dieting and health.

C. Human dieting.

D. Fish dieting. 

What makes a person a scientist? Does he have ways or tools of learning that are different from those of others??The answer is“no”.It isn't the tools a scientist uses but how he uses these tools which makes him a scientist .You will probably agree that knowing how to use a power is important to a carpenter(木匠).You will probably agree,too, that knowing how to investigate(调查),how to discover information ,is important to everyone. The scientist ,however ,goes one step further ;he must be sure that he has a reasonable answer to his questions and that his answer he gets to many questions is into a large set of ideas about how the world works.?

The scientist's knowledge must be exact .There's no room for half right or right just half the time. He must be as nearly right as the conditions permit .What works under one set of conditions at one time must work under the same conditions at other times. If the conditions are different ,any changes the scientist observes in a demonstration(实证)must be explained by the changes in the conditions. This is one reason why investigations are important in science .Albert Einstein ,who developed the Theory of Relativity ,arrived at this theory through mathematics. The accuracy(正确性)of his mathematics was later tested through investigation. Einstein's ideas were proved to be correct .A scientist uses many tools for measurements .Then the measurements are used to make mathematical calculations(计算)that may test his investigations.

1.What makes a scientist according to the passage??

A.The tools he uses.

B.His ways of learning.?

C.The way he uses his tools.

D.The various tools he uses.?

2.“...knowing how to investigate ,how to discover information ,is important to everyone.”The writer says this to show_______.?

A.the importance of information

B.the difference between scientists and ordinary people?

C.the importance of thinking

D.the difference between carpenters and ordinary people?

3.A sound scientific theory should be one that_______.?

A.works under one set of conditions at one time and also works under the same conditions at other times?

B.leaves no room for improvement?

C.doesn't allow any change even under different conditions?

D.can be used for many purposes?

4.What is the main idea of the passage??

A.Scientists are different from ordinary people.?

B.The Theory of Relativity.?

C.Exactness is the core(核心)of science.?

D.Exactness and way of using tools are the keys to making of a scientist.?

 

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