题目内容
examinations of more than 386,000 Dutchmen. Researchers found that the brightest subjects came from the
smallest families and had few, if any, brothers and sisters when they were born. Thus the firstborn child in
a family of two was usually brighter than the last child in a family.
The effects of family size on intelligence (智力) may be explained by what a house full of children does
to the home environment. It increases the amount of time a child spends with other children and decreases
the amount of parental attention he or she receives. For example, a parent with one restless child is likely to
sit and play with the child. The same parent with two or three restless children is more likely to ask them to
play with each other. Some psychologists say that when a child interacts (交往) with an adult alone, the child
learns more and therefore intelligence is increased. Researchers have also found that parents often expect more
from their first-born, which motivates (激发) such children to seek a higher standard.
Not all psychologists agree that firstborns tend to be more intelligent. They say that the data need to be
examined more closely for other possible explanations. For example, in industrialized nations most large
families come from lower socio-economic backgrounds. Thus environment, not family size or birth order,
may be influencing intelligence. On the other hand, there may be genetic variations (基因突变) within families
that also explain the cause of differences.
If firstborns have advantages in the area of intelligence, research has also shown that they may be more
conforming (墨守陈规) and have poorer social skills than their younger siblings (brothers and/or sisters).
Although more research needs to be done in this area, it is clear that such factors as birth order, the order in
which boys and girls are born into a family, the number of years that separate siblings probably have an effect
on the development of intelligence, personality, and social relationships.
B. persons chosen to be studied in experiments
C. citizens of a country
D. things talked about in a conversation, discussion or book
B. no cleverer than the younger
C. less clever than the younger
D. as clever as the younger
B. Their parents spend less time with other children.
C. They are more conforming.
D. Their parents expect more from them..
B. Boys Cleverer Than Girls?
C. The Development of Intelligence
D. Factors Influencing IQ
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| Advertising is a form of communication that uses all kinds of media, and is visible everywhere these days. Typical customers of advertising companies are other companies, or businessmen, who want to persuade potential customers to buy more of what they make or sell. But there are other kinds of customers. Some organizations spend large sums of money on advertising a political party or other group that sells what is not, strictly speaking, a product or service. Such non - profit organizations are not typical advertising customers, and they prefer ways of spreading knowledge, changing attitudes, and improving society. Many advertisements are designed to increase sales of products and services by either improving brand image or, in the case of non - profit organizations, expressing ideas. In order to achieve th~s, advertisements will often pass on truthful information while delivering their messages. Every major medium is a means of delivering these messages, including television, radio, cinema, magazines, newspapers, video games, the Internet and billboards (大幅广告牌). Advertising will usually be created and. placed by an advertising agency on behalf of company or other organization. Spending on advertising has increased greatly in recent years. In 2006, spending was estimated at $155 billion in the United States and $385 billion worldwide; the latter is expected to reach more than $500 billion by 2010. While advertising can be seen as a necessity for economic growth and social development, it is not without social costs. Advertisement emails and other forms of junk mail have become so popular that ~they have become a major burden to users of I nternet email services, as well as a financial burden on Internet email service providers.
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