题目内容

Nuclear power’s danger to health, safety, and even life itself can be summed up in one word: radiation.

Nuclear radiation has a certain mystery about it, partly because it cannot be detected by human senses. It can’t be seen or heard, or touched or tasted, even though it may be all around us. There are other things like that. For example, radio waves are all around us but we can’t detect them, sense them, without a radio receiver. Similarly, we can’t sense radioactivity without a radiation detector. But unlike common radio waves, nuclear radiation is not harmless to human beings and other living things.

At very high levels, radiation can kill an animal or human being immediately by killing masses of cells in vital organs. But even the lowest levels can do serious damage. There is no levels of radiation that is completely safe. If the radiation does not hit anything important, the damage may not be serious. This is the case when only a few cells are hit, and if they are killed immediately. Your body will replace the dead cells with healthy ones. But if the few cells are only damaged, and if they reproduce themselves, you may be in trouble. They can grow into cancer. Sometimes this does not show up for many years.

 This is another reason for some of the mystery about nuclear radiation. Serious damage can be done without the victim being aware at the time that damage has occurred. A person can be irradiated（辐射）and feel fine, then die for cancer five, ten, or twenty years later as a result. Or a child can be born weak as a result of radiation absorbed by its grandparents.

 Radiation can hurt us. We must know the truth.

61. What is the main idea of the passage?

A. How to detect nuclear radiation.

B. How radiation kill a man.

C. The mystery about nuclear radiation.

D. Serious damage caused by nuclear radiation.

62. Which of the following statements is true?

A. Nuclear radiation can cause cancer to human beings.

B. Nuclear radiation can be safe to human beings if its level is low.

C. Nuclear radiation can be detected by human senses.

D. Nuclear radiation is just like common radio waves.

63. How can nuclear radiation kill an animal?

A. By damaging its heart.                                   B. By killing a few cells.

C. By killing many cells in important organs.         D. By hitting any place in its body.

64. What is not the reason why nuclear radiation has a certain mystery?

A. The hurt cells can stay in the body many years and then grow into cancer.

B. It can do harm to a person while the victim isn't aware the damage has occurred.

C. Nuclear radiation can kill a person very easily.

D. Radiation can seldom kill a person immediately.

65. If a human being is hit by nuclear radiation, he may _______.

A. die of cancer after many years                               B. die immediately

C. have a child who may be born weak                D. all of the above

CACCD

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There are many international organizations which work to save and protect endangered species and natural environment. If you would like more information about any of the organizations listed blow, you can write to the addresses given.

Friends of the Earth (FOE) campaigns on a range of problems including rainforests, the countryside, water and air pollution and energy.

Friends of the Earth International Secretariat P. O. Box 19199 1000 G. D.

Amsterdam

The Netherlands

Greenpeace uses peaceful but direct action to defend the environment. It campaigns to protect rainforests and sea animals, stop global warming and end pollution of air, land and seas. It also opposes nuclear (核) power.

Greenpeace International

1016 DW Amsterdam

The Netherlands

 

BirdLife international is an organization

which works to save endangered

birds all over the world

BirdLife International

Wellbrook Court

Girton Road

Cambridge CB3 ONA

England

WWF-World Wide Fund For Nature is the world’s largest private international organization for the protection of nature and endangered species.

Information Officer

WWF International

Avenue du Mont-Blanc

1196 Gland

Switzerland

1.If you want to learn more about the organizations, you can       .

A．call them                              B．write them a letter

C．visit them                             D．send them an e-mail

2.Which problem will be paid close attention to by FOE?

A．Overhunting ocean animals.

B．Killing endangered birds.

C．Heavy air pollution.

D．Global warming.

3.If you oppose nuclear power, you can join      .

A．Friends of the Earth

B．World Wide Fund For Nature

C．BirdLife International

D．Greenpeace

4.What can we learn about WWF?

A．It helps to protect nature and save endangered animals.

B．It is the world’s largest international organization.

C．It works for private companies and rich people.

D．It is a private organization in the United States.

5.Which is the best title for the passage?

A．Endangered animals

B．Global traffic problems

C．Environmental protection organizations

D．Natural beauty

 

The deadly earthquake and tsunami (海啸) that struck Japan on March 11 damaged two nuclear power stations. Officials are now working to prevent dangerous radiation from poisoning the air in the area surrounding the Fukushima Daiichi plant. The Japanese government has ordered people living within 12 and a half miles of the plant to evacuate, and asked those living 12 and a half to 20 miles away to stay indoors.

Nuclear power plants create energy using a chemical reaction that produces large amounts of heat. Reactors(反应堆)in Japan have many long, thin rods, called fuel rods(棒), which must be kept cool.

If the reactor’s fuel rods aren’t cooled, the reaction can burn out of control. That’s what happened at the two Japanese plants after the quake caused a power failure and the cooling systems malfunctioned(发生故障). This overheating could cause radiation to escape and sicken many people.

Japan’s 54 nuclear reactors are built to withstand the many small or moderate earthquakes the country faces each year. But Friday’s earthquake was one of the most severe earthquakes ever recorded.

People exposed to unsafe levels of radiation have a higher than normal risk of getting cancer. The Japanese government has been distributing potassium iodide(碘化钾)pills to people in the surrounding areas to protect those who may have come in contact with radiation from the power plant. The pills flood the body with healthy potassium iodide. The potassium iodide works to crowd out “bad” iodine in the body that may have been poisoned by radiation.

On Tuesday morning, 750 workers left the Fukushima Daiichi plant. However, 50 workers stayed behind to use sweater to cool the fuel rods. These dedicated employees are risking their own lives to save many others.

On Thursday, officials used helicopters, fire trucks, and water cannons to spray water on the reactors to cool the fuel rods. But it’s not clear whether these efforts were successful. Officials are now working on a power line to restore electricity to the plant. They hope this will help restart the plant’s cooling system and stop the fuel rods from leaking radiation.

1.The underlined word “evacuate” in Paragraph 1 probably means            .

A．help

B．rest

C．stop

D．leave

2.What can we learn from the text?

A．The local people are scared and ready to run away.

B．The earthquake led to many deaths and caused damage to roads.

C．The Japanese government has found a kind of pill that can treat cancer.

D．The two stations were damaged because their cooling systems didn’t work.

3.In the last paragraph, the author mainly states            .

A．lack of help

B．international aids

C．the government’s efforts

D．the result of the disaster

4.This text is most probably taken from            .

A．a research paper

B．a newspaper report

C．a class presentation

D．a chemistry textbook

 

Linus Pauling，the only person who has won two undivided Nobel Prizes，was born in Portland，Oregon. He attended Washington High School but because of an unimportant detail he did not receive his diploma until 1962，long after he had received his Bachelor’s degree in chemical engineering from Orgon State College in 1922. He had chosen to study his major because he could get a good job with it.
He won the Nobel Prize for Chemistry in 1954 for his research into the nature of the chemical bond and its application to the explanation of the structure of complex substance. His interest in the “behavior” of molecules(分子) led him from physical chemistry to biological chemistry，especially of the human body. He began with proteins and their main parts，the amino acids(氨基酸)，which are called the“building blocks of life”.In 1950，he constructed the first satisfactory model of a protein molecule，a discovery very important to the understanding of the living cell.
During World WarⅡ，Pauling was a member of the Research Board for National Security，for which he was awarded the Presidential Medal of Merit in 1948. However，the use of the atomic bomb near the end of the war turned Pauling in a new direction. Having long worked on the structure of molecules，he took an immediate interest in the deadly effects of nuclear fallout on human molecular structures.
From then on，Pauling protested the production of the hydrogen bomb and supported the prevention of the spread of nuclear weapons. Through his efforts，The Nuclear­Test­Ban Treaty，declaring all nuclear tests to be illegal except underground ones，came into effect on October 10,1963，the same day Linus Pauling was awarded the Nobel Peace.

  1. 1.

    From the first Paragraph，we learn that Linus Pauling________.

    1. A.
      didn’t study hard while in Washington High School
    2. B.
      is the only scientist who has won two Nobel Prizes
    3. C.
      was once badly treated in Washington High School
    4. D.
      chose to study chemical engineering to earn his living
  2. 2.

    Which of the following things did Pauling pay much attention to at first?

    1. A.
      The “behavior” of molecules.
    2. B.
      Physical chemistry.
    3. C.
      Biological chemistry.
    4. D.
      The human body.
  3. 3.

    Which of the following is legal according to The Nuclear­Test­Ban Treaty?

    1. A.
      The use of nuclear weapons.
    2. B.
      Testing hydrogen bomb on the ground.
    3. C.
      Testing hydrogen bomb on underground.
    4. D.
      The production of hydrogen bombs.
  4. 4.

    The main idea of the passage is to show________.

    1. A.
      Linus Pauling’s attitude towards nuclear weapons
    2. B.
      Linus Pauling’s contributions to the world
    3. C.
      Linus Pauling’s research on the structure of molecules
    4. D.
      Linus Pauling’s got the Nobel Prize for Peace

With only about 1, 000 pandas left in the world, China is desperately trying to clone(克隆) the animal and save the endangered species(物种). That’s a move similar to what a Texas A & M University researchers have been undertaking for the past five years in a project called “Noah’s Ark”.
Noah’s Ark is aimed at collecting eggs, embryos(胚胎), semen and DNA of endangered animals and storing them in liquid nitrogen. If certain species should become extinct, Dr. Duane Kraemer, a professor in Texas A & M’s College of Veterinary Medicine, says there would be enough of the basic building blocks to reintroduce the species in the future.
It is estimated that as many as 2, 000 species of mammals, birds reptiles will become extinct in over 100 years. The panda, native only to China, is in danger of becoming extinct in the next 25 years.
This week, Chinese scientists said they grew an embryo by introducing cells from a dead female panda into the egg cells of a Japanese white rabbit. They are now trying to implant the embryo into a host animal.
The entire procedure could take from three to five years to complete.
“The nuclear transfer(核子移植) of one species to another is not easy, and the lack of available(capable of being used) panda eggs could be a major problem,” Kraemer believes. “They will probably have to do several hundred transfers to result in one pregnancy (having a baby). It takes a long time and it’s difficult, but this could be groundbreaking science if it works. They are certainly not putting any live pandas at risk, so it is worth the effort,” adds Kraemer, who is one of the leaders of the Project at Texas A& M, the first-ever attempt at cloning a dog.
“They are trying to do something that’s never been done, and this is very similar to our work in Noah’s Ark. We’re both trying to save animals that face extinction. I certainly appreciate their effort and there’s a lot we can learn from what they are attempting to do. It’s a research that is very much needed.”

  1. 1.

    The aim of “Noah’s Ark” project is to _______.

    1. A.
      make efforts to clone the endangered pandas
    2. B.
      save endangered animals from dying out
    3. C.
      collect DNA of endangered animals to study
    4. D.
      transfer the nuclear of one animal to another
  2. 2.

    According to Professor Kraemer, the major problem in cloning pandas would be the lack of _______.

    1. A.
      available panda eggs
    2. B.
      host animals
    3. C.
      qualified researchers
    4. D.
      enough money
  3. 3.

    The best title for the passage may be _______.

    1. A.
      China’s Success in Pandas Cloning
    2. B.
      The First Cloned Panda in the World
    3. C.
      Exploring the Possibility to Clone Pandas
    4. D.
      China —the Native Place of Pandas Forever
  4. 4.

    From the passage we know that _______.

    1. A.
      Kraemer and his team have succeeded in cloning a dog
    2. B.
      scientists try to implant a panda’s egg into a rabbit
    3. C.
      Kraemer will work with Chinese scientists in clone researches
    4. D.
      about two thousand of species will probably die out in a century

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