7.Charles Dickens (1812-1870),the great nineteenth century English novelist,was born near Portsmouth.His father ran heavily into debt and when he was twelve,he had to go and work in a factory for making boot polish.The only formal education he received was a two-year schooling at a school for poor children.In fact,he had to teach himself all he knew.He worked for a time as junior clerk in a lawyer's office.After that,he worked as a reporter in the law courts,and later in parliament,for London newspapers.His career as a writer of fiction began in 1833with short stories and essays in periodicals,and in 1837his comic novel The Pickwick Papers made him the most popular author at his time in England.
He was a great observer of people and their places because he was attracted by life and conditions in mid-nineteenth century London.He wrote 19novels all his life and in many of them,Dickens gave a realistic picture of all classes of England society,showing deep sympathy for the poor and unfortunate,exposing the injustice and inhumanity of the bourgeoisie.
Many of his novels like Oliver Twist,David Copperfield,Nicholas Nickleby,Great Expectations,A Tale of Two Cities and so on drew attention to the unsatisfactory social conditions that existed in England over a hundred years ago.
Dickens criticized capitalist society from the point of view of bourgeois humanism.He wished to see improvement in the living conditions of the poor,but failed to find any effective means to achieve that end.

21.Dickens only received a little formal education becauseC.
A.he wanted to teach himself
B.he wanted to work and made a lot of money
C.he was too poor to afford any more formal education
D.he wanted some working experiences to be a novelist
22.According to Dickens,the society at his time in England wasD.
A.just 
B.poor 
C.comfortable 
D.unsatisfying
23.Which of the following novel made Dickens the most popular writer at his time in England?B
A.Oliver Twist
B.The Pickwick Papers
C.A Tale of Two Cities
D.Great Expectations
24.According to the passage,which of the following about Dickens is true?C
A.He didn't go to school at all.
B.He only wrote about poor people and showed deep sympathy for them.
C.He began to write fictions when he was 21years old.
D.He found some effective ways to improve the living conditions of the poor.
6.Chimps(黑猩猩) will cooperate in certain ways,like gathering in war parties to protect their territory.But beyond the minimum requirements as social beings,they have little instinct (本能) to help one another.Chimps in the wild seek food for themselves.Even chimp mothers regularly decline to share food with their children,who are able from a young age to gather their own food.
    In the laboratory,chimps don't naturally share food either.If a chimp is put in a cage where he can pull in one plate of food for himself or,with no great effort,a plate that also provides food for a neighbor to the next cage,he will pull at random---he just doesn't care whether his neighbor gets fed or not.Chimps are truly selfish.
Human children,on the other hand are extremely cooperative.From the earliest ages,they decide to help others,to share information and to participate in achieving common goals.The psychologist Michael Tomasello has studied this cooperativeness in a series of experiments with very young children.He finds that if babies aged 18 months see an worried adult with hands full trying to open a door,almost all will immediately try to help.
There are several reasons to believe that the urges to help,inform and share are not taught,but naturally possessed in young children.One is that these instincts appear at a very young age before most parents have started to train children to behave socially.Another is that the helping behaviors are not improved if the children are rewarded.A third reason is that social intelligence develops in children before their general cognitive(认知的)skills,at least when compared with chimps.In tests c onducted by Tomasello,the children did no better than the chimps on the physical world tests,but were considerably better at understanding the social world.
The core of what children's minds have and chimps'don't is what Tomasello calls shared
intentionality.Part of this ability is that they can infer what others know or are thinking.But beyond that,even very young children want to be part of a shared purpose.They actively seek to be part of a"we",a group that intends to work toward a shared goal.
58.What can we learn from the experiment with chimps?C
A.Chimps like to take in their neighbors'food.
B.Chimps tend to provide food for their children.
C.Chimps seldom care about others'interests.
D.Chimps naturally share food with each other.
59.Michael Tomasello's tests on young children indicate that theyD.
A.know how to offer help to adults
B.know the world better than chimps
C.trust adults with their hands full
D.have the instinct to help others
60.The passage is mainly aboutA.
A.cooperation as a distinctive human nature
B.the development of intelligence in children
C.the helping behaviors of young children
D.ways to train children's shared intentionality.

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