If fewer cash crops were grown, more food could be produced and there would be less or no starvation．题目和参考答案——青夏教育精英家教网—

Here's a new warning from health experts: Sitting is deadly. Scientists are increasingly warning that sitting for prolonged periods — even if you also exercise regularly — could be 1 for your health. And it doesn't matter where the sitting takes place — at the office, at school, in the car or before a computer or TV — just the overall number of hours it 2 .

Research is preliminary, but several studies 3 people who spend most of their days sitting are more likely to be fat, have a heart attack or even die.

In an editorial 4 this week in the British Journal of Sports Medicine, Elin Ekblom-Bak of the Swedish School of Sport and Health Sciences suggested that authorities rethink how they define 5 activity to highlight the dangers of sitting.

While health officials have issued guidelines 6 minimum amounts of physical activity, they haven't suggested people try to limit how much time they spend in a seated 7 .

"After four hours of sitting, the body starts to send 8 signals," Ekblom-Bak said. She explained that genes regulating the amount of glucoseand fat in the 9 start to shut down.

Even for people who 10 , spending long stretches of time sitting at a desk is still harmful. Tim Armstrong, a physical activity expert at the World Health Organization, said people who exercise every day — 11 still spend a lot of time sitting — might get more benefit if that exercise were spread across the day, 12 in a single bout.

That wasn't 13 news for Aytekin Can, 31, who works at a London financial company, and spends most of his days sitting 14 a computer. Several evenings a week, Can also teaches jiu jitsu, a Japanese martial art 15 wrestling, and also does Thai boxing.

"I'm sure there are some detrimental 16 of staying still for too long, but I hope that being 17 when I can helps," he said. "I wouldn't want to think the sitting could be 18 dangerous."

Still, in a study published last year that tracked more than 17,000 Canadians for about a dozen years, researchers found people who sat 19 had a higher death risk, independently of whether or not they exercised.

Figures from a US survey in 2003-2004 found Americans spend more than half their time sitting, from working at their desks to sitting in cars.

Experts said more research is needed to 20 just how much sitting is dangerous, and what might be possible to offset those effects.

( ) 1. A. bad B. good C. mean D. dead

( ) 2. A. does B. occurs C. matches D. dies

( ) 3. A. advise B. talk C. suggest D. say

( ) 4. A. thrown B. caught C. seen D. published

( ) 5. A. biological B. physical C. psychological D. logical

( ) 6. A. commending B. mending C. recommending D. communicating

( ) 7. A. stand B. state C. post D. position

( ) 8. A. harmful B. careful C. wonderful D. skillful

( ) 9. A. head B. arm C. body D. foot

( ) 10. A. sleep B. rest C. walk D. exercise

( ) 11. A. and B. so C. but D. then

( ) 12. A. rather than B. other than C. more than D. less than

( ) 13. A. bad B. harmful C. disadvantage D. welcome

( ) 14. A. behind B. back C. in front of D. forward

( ) 15. A. referring B. involving C. taking D. bringing

( ) 16. A. effects B. prefects C. affects D. offers

( ) 17. A. inactive B. active C. interactive D. positive

( ) 18. A. such B. little C. lot D. that

( ) 19. A. less B. fewer C. more D. further

( ) 20. A. leave out B. bring out C. hold out D. figure out

阅读下面短文，掌握其大意，然后从各题所给的四个选项中，选出最佳选项。

Here's a new warning from health experts: Sitting is deadly．Scientists are increasingly warning that sitting for prolonged periods — even if you also exercise regularly — could be 36 for your health．And it doesn't matter where the sitting takes place — at the office, at school, in the car or before a computer or TV — just the overall number of hours it 37 ．

Research is preliminary, but several studies 38 people who spend most of their days sitting are more likely to be fat, have a heart attack or even die．

In an editorial 39 this week in the British Journal of Sports Medicine, Elin Ekblom-Bak of the Swedish School of Sport and Health Sciences suggested that authorities rethink how they define 40 activity to highlight the dangers of sitting．

While health officials have issued guidelines 41 minimum amounts of physical activity, they haven't suggested people try to limit how much time they spend in a seated 42 ．[来源:Z+xx+k.Com]

"After four hours of sitting, the body starts to send 43 signals," Ekblom-Bak said．She explained that genes regulating the amount of glucoseand fat in the 44 start to shut down．

Even for people who 45 , spending long stretches of time sitting at a desk is still harmful．Tim Armstrong, a physical activity expert at the World Health Organization, said people who exercise every day — 46 still spend a lot of time sitting — might get more benefit if that exercise were spread across the day, 47 in a single bout．

That wasn't 48 news for Aytekin Can, 31, who works at a London financial company, and spends most of his days sitting 49 a computer．Several evenings a week, Can also teaches jiu jitsu, a Japanese martial art 50 wrestling, and also does Thai boxing．

"I'm sure there are some detrimental 51 of staying still for too long, but I hope that being 52 when I can helps," he said．"I wouldn't want to think the sitting could be 53 dangerous．"

Still, in a study published last year that tracked more than 17,000 Canadians for about a dozen years, researchers found people who sat 54 had a higher death risk, independently of whether or not they exercised．

Figures from a US survey in 2003-2004 found Americans spend more than half their time sitting, from working at their desks to sitting in cars．

Experts said more research is needed to 55 just how much sitting is dangerous, and what might be possible to offset those effects．

36．A．bad B．good C．mean D．dead

37．A．does B．occurs C．matches D．dies

38．A．advise B．talk C．suggest D．say

39．A．thrown B．caught C．seen D．published

40．A．biological B．physical C．psychological D．logical

41．A．commending B．mending C．recommending D．communicating

42．A．stand B．state C．post D．position

43．A．harmful B．careful C．wonderful D．skillful

44．A．head B．arm C．body D．foot

45．A．sleep B．rest C．walk D．exercise

46．A．and B．so C．but D．then

47．A．rather than B．other than C．more than D．less than

48．A．bad B．harmful C．disadvantage D．welcome

49．A．behind B．back C．in front of D．forward

50．A．referring B．involving C．taking D．bringing

51．A．effects B．prefects C．affects D．offers

52．A．inactive B．active C．interactive D．positive

53．A．such B．little C．lot D．that

54．A．less B．fewer C．more D．further

55．A．leave out B．bring out C．hold out D．figure out

      完形填空（共20小题，每小题1.5分，满分30分）
Picture this situation. It is late afternoon and you are    36   . You have an important dinner engagement that evening so you    37    to take an hour nap. Instead of setting your alarm you ask a friend who is visiting to wake you in an hour. He   38   .
Two hours later, your friend wakes you. You ask, “Why didn’t you wake me after one hour?” He    39    that he thought you asked him to wake you in two hours and that is what he said. You then have to run around and get ready    40 , muttering to yourself about how you    41   have set the alarm rather than asking your friend to wake you. Had you done that, you would not have been so    42    to get ready.
Your conclusion is correct. Your    43   of what happened looked at the system you used. Your friend’s   44   to wake you resulted from a miscommunication.   45   he didn’t hear you correctly or you misspoke.
46   at the situation from the point of view of being personally responsible is always better than blaming yourself or another. So how do you best be “responsible” in this situation? The answer is   47   in systems thinking.
Dr. W. Edward Deming is the American statistician who is credited with   48   the quality practices to Japan.   49   his arrival in that country in 1950, the label “made in Japan” was synonymous with inferior(劣等的) quality. Now the same “made in Japan” label is synonymous(等同) with   50   quality.
So what did Dr. Deming teach the Japanese that made such a 51   to the quality of their products? The answer is quite simple, yet profound.   52   on years of statistical analysis, Deming was able to validate(证明) that 94 % of all failures are not because people don’t want to do a good job. The fact is that   53   people want to do a good job.
What, then, is the   54   if it’s not the people?
It’s the system. The system failed in 94% of the    55   , not the people.
36. A. relaxed          B. puzzled            C. concerned          D. tired
37. A. try              B. decide             C. promise            D. expect
38. A. agrees        B. admits                C. accepts            D. adopts
39. A. wonders        B. doubts             C. replies             D. requests
40. A. carelessly         B. quickly            C. angrily            D. suddenly
41. A. should          B. could              C. might             D. would
42. A. slow           B. rushed              C. uncertain           D. satisfied
43. A. understanding B. presentation       C. description          D. analysis
44. A. forgetfulness B. unwillingness      C. failure             D. fault
45. A. Either        B. Neither              C. Both                D. Whether
46. A. Glaring        B. Staring            C. Glancing           D. Looking
47. A. left              B. found             C. received           D. completed
48. A. bringing        B. turning            C. fetching            D. leading
49. A. Until          B. After              C. Before             D. Since
50. A. different     B. poor            C. best               D. high
51. A. difference    B. destruction       C. decoration        D. distinction
52. A. Based        B. Relied                 C. Focused            D. Counted
53. A. few            B. fewer             C. more              D. most
54. A. reason       B. cause                 C. effect              D. result
55. A. incidents     B. accidents              C. cases               D. actions

When an emergency situation occurs, observers are more likely to take action if there are few or no other witnesses． This phenomenon is referred to as the bystander effect．

The bystander effect is also called the Genovese effect, which is named after Catherine “Kitty" Genovese, a young woman who was cruelly murdered on March 13, 1964． Early in the morning, 28-year-old Genovese was returning home from work． As she approached her apartment entrance, she was attacked and stabbed （刺） by a man later identified as Winston Moseley． Despite Genovese's repeated cries for help, none of the dozen or so people in the nearby apartment building who heard her cries called police for help． The attack first began at 3:20, but it was not until 3:50 that someone first contacted police．

Many psychologists were set thinking by the incident, as well as most Americans． As the conclusion, the bystander effect came out and later proved by a series of studies and experiments．

There are two major factors that contribute to the bystander effect． First, the presence of other people creates a division of responsibility． Because there are other observers, individuals do not feel as much pressure to take action, since the responsibility to take action is thought to be shared among all of those present． The second reason is the need to behave in correct and socially acceptable ways． When other observers fail to react, individuals often take this as a signal that a response is not needed or not appropriate．

Other researchers have found that onlookers are less likely to take action if the situation is ambiguous． In the case of Kitty Genovese, many of the 38 witnesses reported that they believed that they were witnessing a "lovers' quarrel", and did not realize that the young woman was actually being murdered．

1.The bystander effect is also called the Genovese effect because a woman surnamed Genovese．

A．it somehow caused the murder of

B．its discovery resulted from the murder of

C．it was actually discovered by

D．it always makes people think of

2.Genovese was murdered ．

A．while she was going out	B．in her apartment
C．halfway home	D．near her apartment

3. Which can NOT have been a possible reason for the neighbors NOT offering Genovese help?

A．They believed in the bystander effect．

B．They thought someone else might help her．

C．They didn't think they should help．

D．They didn't think she needed help．

4. Before deciding to offer help, observers may , according to the psychologists．

A．wait for sort of a signal

B．hesitate and estimate the risk of getting hurt

C．want to be sure it's appropriate to react

D．wonder if the victim is worth helping

5.The article seems to suggest that, if there had been observers, Genovese might not have been murdered．

A．no

B．fewer

C．more

D．braver

When an emergency situation occurs, observers are more likely to take action if there are few or no other witnesses. This phenomenon is referred to as the bystander （旁观者）effect．

The bystander effect is also called the Genovese effect, which is named after Catherine “Kitty" Genovese, a young woman who was cruelly murdered on March 13, 1964. Early in the morning, 28-year-old Genovese was returning home from work. As she approached her apartment entrance, she was attacked and stabbed（刺）by a man later identified as Winston Moseley. Despite Genovese's repeated cries for help, none of people in the nearby apartment building who heard her cries called police for help. The attack first began at 3:20, but it was not until 3:50 that someone first contacted police．

Many psychologists were set thinking by the incident, as well as most Americans. As the conclusion, the bystander effect came out and later proved by a series of studies and experiments.

There are two major factors that contribute to the bystander effect. First, the presence of other people creates a division of responsibility. Because there are other observers, individuals do not feel as much pressure to take action, since the responsibility to take action is thought to be shared among all of those present. The second reason is the need to behave in correct and socially acceptable ways. When other observers fail to react, individuals often take this as a signal that a response is not needed or not appropriate.

Other researchers have found that onlookers are less likely to take action if the situation is ambiguous. In the case of Kitty Genovese, many of the 38 witnesses reported that they believed that they were witnessing a "lovers' quarrel", and did not realize that the young woman was actually being murdered．

1.. The bystander effect is also called the Genovese effect because a woman surnamed Genovese．

A. it somehow caused the murder of

B. its discovery resulted from the murder of

C. it was actually discovered by

D. it always makes people think of

2.. Genovese was murdered . ．

A. while she was going out B. in her apartment

C. halfway home D. near her apartment

3.. Which can NOT have been a possible reason for the neighbors NOT offering Genovese help?

A. They believed in the bystander effect．

B. They thought someone else might help her．

C. They didn't think they should help．

D. They didn't think she needed help．

4.. Before deciding to offer help, observers may , according to the psychologists．

A. wait for sort of a signal

B. hesitate and estimate the risk of getting hurt

C. want to be sure it's appropriate to react

D. wonder if the victim is worth helping

5.. The article seems to suggest that, if there had been observers, Genovese might not have been murdered．

A. no B. fewer C. more D. braver

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