People with disabilities make up a large part of the population. It is estimated(估计) that over 35 million Americans have physical, mental, or other disabilities. About half of these disabilities are “developmental", i.e., they occur before the individual's twenty-second birthday, often from genetic conditions, and are severe enough to affect three or more areas of development, such as mobility, communication, employment, etc. Most other disabilities are considered “adventitious", i.e., accidental or caused by outside forces.

Prior to the 20th century, only a small percentage of people with disabilities survived for long. Medical treatment for these disabilities was unavailable. Advancements in medicine and social services have created a climate in which people with disabilities can expect to have such basic needs as food, shelter, and medical treatment. Unfortunately, these basics are often not available. Civil liberties such as the right to vote, marry, get an education, and gain employment have historically been denied on the basis of disability.

In recent decades, the disability rights movement has been organized to fight against these infringements(违反, 侵犯)of civil rights. Congress responded by passing major legislation recognizing people with disabilities as a protected class under civil rights statutes.

Still today, people with disabilities must fight to live their lives independently. It is estimated that more than half of qualified Americans with disabilities are unemployed, and a majority of those who do work are underemployed. About two-thirds live at or below the official poverty level.

Significant barriers, especially in transportation and public awareness, prevent disabled people from taking part in society. For example, while no longer prohibited by law from marrying, a person with no access to transportation is effectively excluded from community and social activities which might lead to the development of long-term relationships.

Only when public attitudes advance as far as laws have will disabled people be fully able to take their rightful place in society.

1.A “developmental" disability ______.

A. develops very slowly over time       B. occurs in youth and affects development

C. is caused by forces                 D. is getting more and more severe

2.Most disabled people used to die early because ______.

  A. disabilities destroyed major bodily functions   

B. medical techniques were not available 

C. they were not very well looked after

D. they were too poor to get proper treatment

3.In the author's opinion, to enable the disabled people to take their rightful place in society, ____.

A. more laws should be passed            B. more public facilities should be set up

C. government should provide more aids    D. public attitudes should be changed

4.Which of the following cannot be inferred from the passage?

  A. Many disabled people may remain single for their whole life.

B. Discriminatory(带歧视性的)laws prevent the disabled from mixing with others.

C. The public tends to look down upon the disabled people.

  D. The disabled people feel inferior to(低于)those surrounding them.

5.The best title for this passage might be ______.   

  A. Handicaps(障碍)of People with Disabilities

  B. The physical difficulties of the Disabled

  C. The Causes for Disabilities

D. Medical Treatments for Disabilities

Drunken driving — sometimes called America’s socially accepted form of murder — has become a national epidemic (流行病). Every hour of every day about three Americans on average are killed by drunken drivers, adding up to an incredible 250,000 over the past ten years. A drunken driver is usually referred to as one with 0.10-blood alcohol content or roughly three beer glasses of wine or shots of whisky drunk within two hours. Heavy drinking used to be an acceptable part of the American manly image and judges were lenient in most courts, but the drunken killing has recently caused so many well-publicized tragedies, especially concerning young children, that public opinion is no longer so tolerant.
Twenty states have raised the legal drinking age to 21, reversing a trend in the 1960s to reduce it to 18. After New Jersey lowered it to 18, the number of people killed by 18-20 years old drivers more than doubled, so the state recently upped it back to 21.
Reformers, however, fear raising the drinking age will have little effect unless accompanied by educational programs to help young people to develop “responsible attitudes” about drinking and teach them to resist peer pressure to drink.
Though new laws have led to increased arrests and tests in many areas already, to a marked decline in accidents, some states are also punishing bars for serving customers too many drinks. A bar in Massachusetts was fined for serving six or more double brandies to a customer who was “obviously drunk” and later drove off the road, killing a 9-year-old boy.
As the accidents continue to occur daily in every state, some Americans are even beginning to speak well of the 13 years national prohibition of alcohol that began in 1919, which President Hoover called the “noble experiment”. They forgot that legal prohibition didn’t stop drinking, but encouraged political corruption(腐败) and organized crime. As with the booming drug trade generally, there is no easy solution.
【小题1】What can be inferred from the fact of the traffic accidents in New Jersey?

A.many drivers were not of legal age.
B.young drivers were often bad drivers.
C.Drivers should not be allowed to drink.
D.the legal drinking age should be raised.
【小题2】 The underlined word “lenient” in the first paragraph means “_________”.
A.seriousB.cruel C.mercifulD.determined
【小题3】 In America, public opinion about drunken driving has changed because __________.
A.judges are giving more severe sentences
B.new laws are introduced in some states
C.the news media have highlighted the problem
D.drivers are more conscious of their image
【小题4】 Why is the problem of drinking and driving difficult to solve?
A.Because alcohol is easily obtained.
B.Because drinking is linked to organized crime.
C.Because legal prohibition has already failed.
D.Because making laws alone is not sufficient.


D
Some years ago factories had more freedom than they have now, and they did not need to be as careful as they must be today. They did not need to worry a lot about the safety of the new products (产品) that they developed. They did not have to pay much attention to the health and safety of the people who worked for them. Often new products were dangerous for the people who used them; often conditions in the work place had very bad effects on the health of the workers.
Of course sometimes there were real accidents which attracted the attention of governments and showed the need for changes. Also scientists who were doing research into the health of workers sometimes provided information which governments should pay attention to. At such times, there were inquiries(调查) into the causes of the accidents or the problems. New safety rules were often introduced as a result of these inquiries; however, the new rules came too late to protect the people who died or became seriously ill.
Today many governments have special departments which protect customers (顾客) and workers. In the U.S., for example, there is a department which tests new airplanes and gives warnings about possible problems. It also makes the rules that plane producers (生产商) must follow. Another department controls the foods and drugs that companies sell. A third department looks at the places where people work, and then reports any companies that are breaking the laws which protect the health and safety of workers. Of course, new government departments and new laws cannot prevent every accident or illness, but they are having some good results. Our work places are safer and cleaner than before. The planes and cars which we use for travel are better. Producers are thinking more about the safety and health of the people who buy and use their products.
67. Some years ago safety rules __________.
A. were put forward due to workers’ suggestions
B. came into being as a result of the workers’ needs
C. were introduced because many people were killed or seriously injured
D. were good enough to protect workers and customers
68. It can be inferred from the passage that in the past __________.
A. workers often got ill because of the poor working conditions
B. companies had less freedom to develop new products
C. many people were killed by dangerous products
D. factories were as careful as they are today
69. According to the passage, __________.
A. new laws have no good results at all
B. governments did not listen to scientists
C. governments paid no attention to the safety of products at all
D. in the past factories did not have to pay much attention to the health of workers
70. The main topic of the passage is __________.
A. conditions in the work place               B. the importance of government departments    
C. the freedom of factories                          D. the safety and health of workers and customers

Drunken driving –sometimes called America’s socially accepted form of murder—has become a national epidemic (流行病). Every hour of every day about three Americans on average are killed by drunken drivers, adding up to an incredible 250,000 over the past ten years. A drunken driver is usually referred to as one with 0.10-blood alcohol content or roughly three beer glasses of wine or shots of whisky drunk within two hours. Heavy drinking used to be an acceptable part of the American manly image and judges were lenient in most courts, but the drunken killing has recently caused so many well-publicized tragedies, especially concerning young children, that public opinion is no longer so tolerant.
Twenty states have raised the legal drinking age to 21, reversing a trend in the 1960s to reduce it to 18. After New Jersey lowered it to 18, the number of people killed by 18-20 years old drivers more than doubled, so the state recently upped it back to 21.
Reformers, however, fear raising the drinking age will have little effect unless accompanied by educational programs to help young people to develop “responsible attitudes” about drinking and teach them to resist peer pressure to drink.
Though new laws have led to increased arrests and tests in many areas already, to a marked drop in accidents, some states are also punishing bars for serving customers too many drinks. A bar in Massachusetts was fined for serving six or more double brandies to a customer who was “obviously drunk” and later drove off the road, killing a 9-year-old boy.
As the accidents continue to occur daily in every state, some Americans are even beginning to speak well of the 13 years national prohibition of alcohol that began in 1919, which President Hoover called the “noble experiment”. They forgot that legal prohibition didn’t stop drinking, but encouraged political corruption and organized crime. As with the booming drug trade generally, there is no easy solution.
【小题1】 From paragraph one, we can know that ____________.

A.most Americans like drinking
B.heavy drinking is hard to avoid
C.many Americans are killed by drunk drivers
D.Americans are not shocked by traffic accidents
【小题2】What can be inferred from the fact of the traffic accidents in New Jersey?
A.The legal drinking age should be raised.
B.Young drivers were usually bad.
C.Most drivers hoped to raise the legal drinking age.
D.Drivers should not be allowed to drink.
【小题3】The underlined word “lenient” in the first paragraph means “_________”.
A.seriousB.cruel C.mercifulD.determined
【小题4】In America, public opinion about drunken driving has changed because __________.
A.judges are no longer lenient
B.new laws are introduced in some states
C.the problem has attracted public attention
D.drivers do not appreciate their manly image
【小题5】Which of the following best shows the writer’s opinion of drunken driving?
A.It may lead to organized crime.
B.It is difficult to solve this problem.
C.The new laws can stop heavy drinking.
D.There should be no bars to serve drinks.

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