Language as a System of Symbols Of all systems of symbols, language is the most highly developed. It has been pointed out that human beings, by agreement, can make anything stand for anything. Human b 题目和参考答案——青夏教育精英家教网—

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(05·北京D篇)

Language as a System of Symbols

Of all systems of symbols(符号), language is the most highly developed. It has been pointed out that human beings, by agreement, can make anything stand for anything. Human beings have agreed, in the course of centuries of mutual(相互的) dependency, to let the various noises that they can produce with their lungs, throats, tongues, teeth, and lips systematically stand for certain happenings in their nervous systems. We call that system of agreements language.

There is no necessary connection between the symbol and that which it stands for. Just as social positions can be symbolized by feathers worn on the head, by gold on the watch chain, or by a thousand other things according to the culture we live in, so the fact of being hungry can be symbolized by a thousand different noises according to the culture we live in.

However obvious these facts may appear at first glance, they are actually not so obvious as they seem except when we take special pains to think about the subject. Symbols and the things they stand for are independent of each other, yet we all have a way of feeling as if, and sometimes acting as if, there were necessary connections. For example, there are people who feel that foreign languages are unreasonable by nature: foreigners have such funny names for things, and why can’t they call things by their right names? This feeling exhibits itself most strongly in those English and American tourists who seem to believe that they can make the natives of any country understand English if they shout loud enough. Like the little boy who is reported to have said: “Pigs are called pigs because they are such dirty animals,” they feel the symbol is inherently(内在地) connected in some way with the things symbolized.

69．Language is a highly developed system of symbols because human beings _________.

A．have made use of language for centuries

B．use our nervous systems to support language

C．have made various noises stand for any events

D．can make anything stand for anything by agreement

70．What can we conclude from Paragraph 2?

A．Different noise may mean different things.

B．Our culture determines what a symbol stands for.

C．The language we use symbolizes our social positions.

D．Our social positions determine the way we are dressed.

71．In Paragraph 3, “take special pains” probably means “________”.

A．try very hard B．take our time

C．are very unhappy D．feel especially painful

72．The example of the little boy is used to show that ___________.

A．adults often learn from their young

B．“pig” is a dirty word because pigs are dirty

C．words are not connected with the things they stand for

D．people sometimes have wrong ideas about how language works

答案 69.D 70.B 71.A 72.D

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Now I’ve got a full – time job there. I shall always be thankful to Megan. I wish I had known earlier that you could have a career, even if you aren’t top of the class at school.

56．What is the author’s present job?

A．Working part – time in a college.

B．Taking care of children for a family.

C．Helping children with their schoolwork.

D．Looking after children at a kindergarten.

57．When staying with the two girls’ family, the author .

A．was paid for extra work B．often worked long hours

C．got much help from her boss D．took a day off every other week

58．Why did the author leave her first job?

A．She found a full – time job.

B．She was fed up with children.

C．She decided to attend a part – time course.

D．She needed a rest after working extra hours.

59．What has the author learned from her own experiences?

A．Less successful students can still have a career.

B．Qualifications are necessary for a career.

C．Hard work makes an excellent student.

D．One must choose the job she likes.

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Overuse injuries can therefore be prevented or reduced if the employer provides, and workers use:

●power tools rather than having to use muscle（肌肉）power

●tools with specially designed handles that allow the wrist（手腕）to keep straight

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Figure l. Bend the tool, not the wrist

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60．What is the best title for the passage?

A．Good Tool Design for Women.

B．Importance of Good Tool Design.

C．Tool Design and Prevention of Injuries.

D．Overuse of Tools and Worker Protection.

61．Which of the following describes a well-designed tool?

A．It’s kept close to the body. B．It fully uses muscle power.

C．It makes users feel relaxed D．It’s operated with less force.

62．What is Figure 1 used to show?

A．The effective use of the tool.

B．The way of operating the tool.

C．The proper design of the handle.

D．The purpose of bending the wrist.

63．In choosing tools for women, _________ of the handle is the most important.

A．the size B．the edge C．the shape D．the position

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pavement: 人行道

swerve: 突然转向

insurance: 保险

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A．He was injured in the head when he was 14.

B．He has waited for the payout for a long time.

C．He has lived in the same place since the accident.

D．He was run over by a taxi when riding on the pavement.

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A．They both became safe places.

B．They won the same place in a race.

C．They had the same number of accidents.

D．They joined hands in reducing accidents.

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A．① B．② C．③ D．④

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