People typically wash their hands seven times a day in the United States, but they do it at a far higher temperature than is necessary to kill germs (病菌) , a new study says. The energy waste is equivalent to the fuel use of a small country.

Amanda R. Carrico, a research assistant professor at the Vanderbilt Institute for Energy and Environment in Tennessee, told National Geographic that hand washing is often “a case where people act in ways that they think are in their best interest, but they in fact have inaccurate beliefs or outdated perceptions.”

Carrico said, “It’s certainly true that heat kills bacteria, but if you were going to use hot water to kill them it would have to be way too hot for you to tolerate.”

Carrico said that after a review of the scientific literature, her team found “no evidence that using hot water that a person could stand would have any benefit in killing bacteria.” Even water as cold as 40°F (4.4°C) appeared to reduce bacteria as well as hotter water, if hands were scrubbed, rinsed(冲洗)and dried properly.

Using hot water to wash hands is therefore unnecessary, as well as wasteful, Carrico said, particularly when it comes to the environment. According to her research, people use warm or hot water 64 percent of the time when they wash their hands. Using that number, Carrico’s team calculated a significant impact on the planet.

“Although the choice of water temperature during a single hand wash may appear unimportant, when multiplied by the nearly 800 billion hand washes performed by Americans each year, this practice results in more than 6 million metric tons of CO2 equivalent emissions annually,” she said.

The researchers published their results in the July 2013 issue of International Journal of Consumer Studies. They recommended washing with water that is at a “comfortable” temperature, which they noted may be warmer in cold months and cooler in hot ones.

1. What’s the meaning of what Carrico told National Geographic in the second paragraph?

A. People are more concerned about their health and begin to wash their hands.

B. It’s important for people to wash their hands to keep healthy.

C. Generally, people’s hand washing behaviors and perceptions are not correct.

D. People like washing their hands very much.

2.The figures in the sixth paragraph are used to show that __________.

A. using hot water to wash hands has a bad influence on our planet.

B. air pollution has become more and more serious.

C. using hot water to wash hands is a waste of energy.

D. people should pay more attention to the environment around us.

3. This passage is organized in the pattern of __________.

A. fact and opinion

B. cause and effect

C. definition and classification

D. time and events

4.What can we learn from the passage?

A. It’s necessary and useful for people to wash their hands frequently every day.

B. We can wash our hands with water that is at a “comfortable” temperature.

C. Using cold water to wash hands is necessary and much healthier.

D. Hot water can’t kill germs.

阅读下面短文,从短文后各题所给四个选项(A、B、C和D)中,选出可以填入空白处的最佳选项,并在答题卡上将该项涂黑。

I dropped my 5-year-old daughter off at the day care center yesterday. There we saw one of her friends sitting at a table ,crying. She sometimes gets when her mom leaves. My daughter with her, and they’re good friends. When we saw the little girl , I asked my daughter if she wanted to go and with her. She said, “Yes, I don’t want her to be .” And then she took her breakfast to sit beside her friend. I watched her her food with the little girl and talk to her.

Walking back to my car I was very to know that my little girl had a kind . When I got home last night, I asked her her day had been. She said that her wasn’t sad any more. She was proud to have shared (分享) her with her and played with her . I praised my daughter for such a caring friend and her that I was very proud of her. She , and told me that she didn’t like to see people being sad.

I hugged her and told her what a/an girl she was. , she said, “I’m Daddy’s little girl”. I couldn’t help but smile, and was proud to be her dad. My little girl has me a lot. Because of her I do my best to make people who be sad smile.

1.A. alone B. alike C. likely D. lonely

2.A. bored B. surprised C. excited D. worried

3.A. agrees B. plays C. fights D. argues

4.A. singing B. talking C. crying D. dancing

5.A. sit B. wait C. pass D. drop

6.A. surprised B. nervous C. afraid D. sad

7.A. make B. eat C. enjoy D. share

8.A. happy B. disappointed C. helpful D. great

9.A. mind B. heart C. feeling D. idea

10.A. how B. what C. when D.why

11.A. daughter B. teacher C. toy D. friend

12.A. feeling B. drink C. food D. dream

13.A. day and night B. day by day C. all night D. all day

14.A. having B. making C. acting D. being

15.A. taught B. wrote C. told D. asked

16.A. cried B. smiled C. shouted D. agreed

17.A. wonderful B. interested C. fearless D. brave

18.A. Quickly B. Luckily C. Proudly D. Rudely

19.A. encouraged B. suggested C. taught D. told

20.A. shall B. will C. need D. may

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