There are thousands of products of all colors and shapes in a supermarket, making you believe that they are worth a try. How? Packaging (包装) is the silent but persuading salesman .

There on the shelves, each bottle, can, box, and jar has been carefully designed and measured to speak to the inner self of the consumer (消费者), so that is buying not only a product but also his belief in life. Scientists have studied consumer behavior recently and found that the look of the package has a great effect on the “quality” of the product and on how well it sells, because “Consumers generally cannot tell between a product and its package. Many products are packages and many packages are products,” as Louis Cheskin, the first social scientist studying consumers’ feeling for packaging, noticed.

Colors are one of the best tools in packaging. Studies of eye movement have shown that colors draw human attention quickly. Take V8 for example. For many years, the bright red color of tomatoes and carrots on the thin bottle makes you feel that it is very good for your body. And the word “green” today can keep food prices going up.

Shapes are another attraction. Circles often suggest happiness and peacefulness, because these shapes are pleasing to both the eye and the heart. That’s why the round yellow M signs of McDonald’s are inviting to both young and old.

This new consumer response (反应) to the colors and shapes of packages reminds producers and sellers that people buy to satisfy both body and soul.

1.According to the passage, ________ seems to be able to persuade a consumer to buy the product.

A. the pleasing color of the package

B. the special taste of the product

C. the strange shape of the package

D. the belief in the product

2.If a package or a product is round in shape, it can ________.

A. bring excitement to the consumers

B. attract the consumers’ attention

C. catch the eye movement of the consumers

D. produce a happy and peaceful feeling

3.“And the word ‘green’ today can keep food prices going up.” This sentence suggests that consumers today are ________.

A. starting to notice the importance of new food

B. enjoying the beauty of nature more than before

C. beginning to like green vegetables

D. paying more attention to their health

4.It can be inferred from the passage that V8 is a kind of ________.

A. vegetable dish B. healthy juice

C. iced drink D. red vegetable

Paris

Passengers carried per day: 4.4m

Cost of ticket: 80p flat fare

Length: 131 miles Lines: 14 Stations: 297

In Paris there are pleasures for those who use the Metro(地铁) — many of them artistic. The graceful Art Nouveau dragon-fly entrances are just the most noticeable on a Metro system which celebrated its 100th anniversary by spending 30 million francs (£2.9million) on making its stations works of art. On my way home I pass Bonne Nouvelle station in the heart of Paris’s cinema district. There, during the cinema festival this summer, special lighting effects dot the platforms and films are projected onto the large advertising boards.

More than anything the metro is efficient. “When I worked on line 4”, says a retired driver, “we had exactly 30 minutes and 15 seconds to complete the journey. If it took any longer, they cut our pay.” But there are problems. Many Metro stations have too many stairs, and changing lines at big interchanges(交换) can be tiresome.

Moscow

Passengers carried per day: 9m

Cost of ticket: 12p

Length: 164 miles Lines: 11 Stations: 162

The first underground passage for the Moscow Metropolitan started in 1932. Three years later the trains started running. They haven’t stopped since— every 90 seconds or two minutes during rush hour, every five minutes the rest of the time, from 6 a.m. till 1 a. m. There may be a crowd of people but there is seldom a wait.

The trains take you through spacious and spotless stations. For tourists it’s a major sightseeing attraction: from Russian Art Deco to neo-classical, the Metro stations are not to be missed.

Tokyo

Passengers carried per day: 7m

Cost of ticket: 90p ~ £1.68

Length: 177 miles Lines: 12 Stations: 209

Trains do not just arrive on time in Tokyo. They stop right on the platform mark so that passengers can line up knowing exactly where the doors will open. Train driving is a respectful job for life, for which the applicants must pass a strict screening of health checks, interviews and written exams before they can put on the enviable uniform, cap and white gloves.

However, overcrowding means it is far from perfect. At rush hours, some stations employ part-time platform staff to push in passengers. Carriages can be filled to 184% of capacity(容量). The main reason for such conditions is that the Tokyo subway station system has only 15 miles of track for every 1 million people, compared to 36 on the London Underground. New lines are under construction, but at a cost of £500,000 per meter of rail. Progress has been slow.

Mexico City

Passengers carried per day: 4.2m

Cost of ticket: 11p flat fare

Length: 99 miles Lines: 11 Stations: 175

Fast, relatively safe, and very cheap, Mexico City’s underground is an ideal place of order and efficiency compared to the disorders above. The Mexican capital’s underground system is the biggest in the continent and one of the most subsidized (获得补助的) networks in the world.

The first trains leave the station at 5 a.m. and the last after midnight as the crowd move from the outskirts of the 20 million-strong megacity (大城市). Mexico City’s Metro also attracts a sizeable group of passengers who are unwilling to spend hours in traffic jams. There is a master plan to build new lines and extend existing one, but financial constraints (约束) complicated by the fact that the system runs through different jurisdicitons (管辖权) mean progress is slow.

1.Metro rail drivers in Paris must____.

A. keep to the train schedule strictly

B. complete the journey gracefully

C. stop right on the platform mark

D. understand the special lighting

2.In which two cities can travelling by underground be a sightseeing experience?

A. Moscow and Tokyo B. Paris and Moscow

C. Paris and Mexico City D. Tokyo and Mexico City

3.Which word may best describe the Tokyo underground trains?

A. Cheap B. Efficient C. Crowded D. Slow

4.Why is the expansion of the underground system in Mexico City slow?

A. The plan to extend existing lines is impractical.

B. The government offers little financial support.

C. People are unwilling to help build new lines.

D. The lines involve several authorities.

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