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     Researchers in the psychology department at the University of California at Los Angeles (UCLA)
have discovered a major difference in the way men and women respond to stress. This difference may
explain why men are more likely to suffer from stress-related disorders.
     Until now, psychological research has maintained that both men and women have the same
"fight-or-flight" reaction to stress. In other words, individuals either react with aggressive behavior, such
as verbal or physical conflict ("fight"), or they react by withdrawing from the stressful situation ("flight").
However, the UCLA research team found that men and women have quite different biological and
behavioral responses to stress. While men often react to stress in the fight-or-flight response, women
often have another kind of reaction which could be called "tend and befriend." That is, they often react
to stressful conditions by protecting and nurturing their young ("tend"), and by looking for social contact
and support from others - especially other females ('befriend").
     Scientists have long known that in the fight-or- flight reaction to stress, an important role is played by
certain hormones(激素) released by the body. The UCLA research team suggests that the female
tend-or-befriend response is also based on a hormone. This hormone, called oxytocin, has been studied
in the context of childbirth, but now it is being studied for its role in the response of both men and women
to stress. The principal investigator, Dr. Shelley E. Taylor, explained that "animals and people with high
levels of oxytocin are calmer, more relaxed, more  social, and less anxious." While men also secrete(分
泌)oxytocin, its effects are reduced by male hormones.
     In terms of everyday behavior, the UCLA study found that women are far more likely than men to
seek social contact when they are feeling stressed. They may phone relatives or friends, or ask directions
if they are lost.
     The study also showed how fathers and mothers responded differently when they came home to their
family after a stressful day at work. The typical father wanted to be left alone to enjoy some peace and
quiet. For a typical mother, coping with a bad day at work meant focusing her attention on her children
and their needs.
     The differences in responding to stress may explain the fact that women have lower frequency of
stress-related disorders such as high blood pressure or aggressive behavior. The tend-and-befriend
regulatory(调节的) system may protect women against stress, and this may explain why women on
average live longer than men.
1. The UCLA study shows that in response to stress, men are more likely than women to _____ .
A. turn to friends for help
B. solve a conflict calmly
C. find an escape from reality
D. seek comfort from children
2. Which of the following is true about oxytocin according to the passage?
A. Men have the same level of oxytocin as women do.
B. Oxytocin used to be studied in both men and women.
C. Both animals and people have high levels of oxytocin.
D. Oxytocin has more of an effect on women than on men.
3. What can be learned from the passage?
A. Male hormones help build up the body's resistance to stress.
B. In a family a mother cares more about children than a father does.
C. Biological differences lead to different behavioral responses to stress.
D. The UCLA study was designed to confirm previous research findings.
4. Which of the following might be the best title of the passage?
A. How men and women get over stress
B. How men and women suffer from stress
C. How researchers overcome stress problems
D. How researchers handle stress-related disorders
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  When women sit together to watch a movie on TV, they usually talk simultaneously(同时的)about a variety of subjects, including children, men, careers and what's happening in their livesWhen groups of men and women watch a movie together, the men usually end up telling the women to shut upMen can either talk or watch the screenthey can't do both-and they don't understand that women canBesides, women consider that the point of all getting together is to have a good time and develop relationshipsnot just to sit there like couch potatoes staring at the screen

  During the ad breaks, a man often asks a woman to explain the plot and tell him where the relationship between the characters is goingHe is unable, unlike women, to read the subtle body language signals that reveal how the characters are feeling emotionallySince women originally spent their days with the other women and children in the group, they developed the ability to communicate successfully in order to maintain relationshipsFor a woman, speech continues to have such a clear purposeto build relationships and make friendsFor men, to talk is to relate the facts

  Men see the telephone as a communication tool for sending facts and information to other people, but a woman sees it as a means of bondingA woman can spend two weeks on vacation with her girlfriend and, when she returns home, telephone the same girlfriend and talk for another two hours

  There is no convincing evidence that social conditioning, the fact that girls'mothers talked them more, is the reason why girls talk more than boysPsychiatrist Dr Michael Lewis, author Social Behaviour and Language Acquisition, conducted experiments that found mothers talked to and looked at, baby girls more often than baby boysScientific evidence shows parents res the brain bias of their childrenSince a girl's brain is better organized to send and receive speech, we therefore talk to them moreConsequently, mothers who try to talk to their sons are usually pointed to receive only short grunts in reply

(1)

While watching TV with others, women Usually talk a lot because they ________

[  ]

A.

are afraid of awkward silence with their families and friends

B.

can both talk and watch the screen at the Same time

C.

think they can have a good time and develop relationships

D.

have to explain the plot and body language to their husbands

(2)

After a vacation with her girlfriend, a woman would talk to her again on the phone for hours in order to ________

[  ]

A.

experience the happy time again

B.

keep a close tie with her

C.

recommend her a new scenic spot

D.

remind her of something forgotten

(3)

What does the author want to tell us most?

[  ]

A.

Women's brains are better organized for language and communication

B.

Women love to talk because they are more sociable than men

C.

Men do not like talking because they rely more on facts

D.

Social conditioning is not the reason why women love talking

(4)

Which of the following would be the best title for the passage?

[  ]

A.

Women Are Socially Trained to Talk

B.

Talking Maintains Relationships

C.

Women Love to Talk

D.

Men Talk Differently from Women

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