Pupils work harder in lessons if they are taught by a man, a study has claimed．Male teachers are more likely to improve pupils' self-esteem and are judged by pupils to be more fair, according to a study published by the Department for Education．
But there is a significant shortage of male teachers, especially in primary schools, with reports last month indicating that almost one in three primaries has an all-female teaching staff．The latest figures heightened fears that schools are becoming dominated(主宰)by women and children are being denied access to male role models in the classroom．
Researchers at the London School of Economics and Westminster University conducted an experiment in which each of 1,200 pupils in 29 schools was given ￡2．They could use the money to "buy" up to 10 questions at a cost of 20p each, which they then had to answer．If they were right they were given an extra 20p, but if they were wrong they lost 20p．Boys and girls who had a male teacher chose on average almost half a question
more than those taught by women, indicating that they had a more positive outlook on the rewards of effort, the study said．
Researchers wrote："One of the most significant results featured in this experiment is the positive effect of male teachers on effort．The experiment suggests that higher ability pupils either believed that the teacher would reward them more favorably or had a preference for working hard to please the teacher．"
According to the Good Teacher Training Guide, 86 per cent of new teachers entering primary schools are female, along with 62 per cent of those entering secondary schools．
Professor Alan Smithers, of Buckingham University, said："This is an interesting and somewhat surprising finding, but it does underline the importance of having a good mix of male and female teachers in classes．"
(1)
Which of the following is true of the passage?
[ ]
A．
Male teachers are more fair than female teachers．
B．
Now most primary schools are in need of teachers．
C．
The author thinks that male teachers are better than female teachers．
D．
Most people are afraid that their children can't get access to male teachers．
(2)
What is the author's attitude to the finding that pupils work harder in lessons if they are taught by a man?
[ ]
A．
He is for the finding．
B．
He doesn't show his opinion about it．
C．
He is against the finding．
D．
He thinks it’s interesting and somewhat surprising．
(3)
What does the author mainly tell us in the 3rd paragraph?
[ ]
A．
The experiment shows that students taught by male teachers had a more positive outlook on the rewards of effort．
B．
Students could use the money to "buy" up to 10 questions and then had to answer them．
C．
Boys and girls who had a male teacher chose on average almost half a question more than those taught by women．
D．
Researchers at the London School of Economics and Westminster University conducted an experiment．
(4)
It can be inferred that．
[ ]
A．
if a student is taught by a man teacher, he will think that if he works harder he will make greater progress
B．
one third of primaries has an all female staff
C．
86 per cent of new teachers entering primary schools are female
Dog training is a business for some people, a serious hobby for others, and a once in a life time experience for many．Individuals in all of these categories would probably agree that consistency(一致性)is a key element of success from the beginning．
If puppies are to be socialized, they must learn to control the impulse to use the carpet as a bathroom, chew shoes, and nip at fingers．The first issue, bathroom training is more easily accomplished in warm weather．Try to feed your pup outdoors, and after he has finished eating, take him to a spot where you would like him to eliminate．If he cooperates, praise him generously with words and pats．Take him to the same spot after each meal, and eventually he will follow this routine himself．
The sight of a small puppy chewing through a new tennis shoe will make you do well to remove the stolen shoe from the pup's mouth and firmly say “no!”．Provide your pup with some acceptable toys, such as a ball or a chew toy．
Until your pup is well trained and trustworthy, don't leave him unattended unless he is limited to a small area．When he is young, you want to be sure someone will praise your pup for desired behavior and express disapproval when he does something you want to discourage．
You will want your dog to learn to respond to the commands “Come”, “Sit”, and “Stay”．Again, consistency and praise will help you achieve this goal．Each time the dog responds as you wish, praise him．Whenever he ignores your command, make him do what you commanded and then praise him．
Negative behavior must be attended to also．You can discipline most dogs without hitting them．Since they are usually anxious to please, most dogs are duty punished by cruel words and tone of voice．Remember to be consistent so your dog knows unquestioningly what is acceptable behavior．
Although the first stages of dog training require great deal of time and patience, the reward of a socialized and obedient dog is well worth the effort．
(1)
Dog training is appropriately attempted by ________．
[ ]
A．
professionals
B．
hobbyists
C．
zoologists
D．
anyone
(2)
What is negative behavior best handled by?
[ ]
A．
A slap on the nose．
B．
Tying the dog up．
C．
A firm tone of voice．
D．
Starving the dog．
(3)
The article deals with all of the following EXCEPT ________．
