There seems never to have been civilization without toys, but when and how they developed is unknown. They probably came about just to give children something to do. In the ancient world, as is today, 题目和参考答案——青夏教育精英家教网—

题目内容

There seems never to have been civilization without toys, but when and how they developed is unknown. They probably came about just to give children something to do.

In the ancient world, as is today, most boys played with some kinds of toys and most girls with another. In societies where social roles are strictly determined, boys pattern their play after the activities of their fathers and girls after the tasks of their mothers. This is true because boys and girls are being prepared, even in play, to step into the roles and responsibilities of the adult world.

What is remarkable about the history of toys is not so much how they changed over the centuries but how much they have remained the same. The changes have been mostly in terms of craftsmanship, working parts, and technology. It is the universality（普遍性） of toys with regard to their development in all parts of the world and their persistence to the present that is amazing. In Egypt, America, China, Japan and among the Arctic peoples, generally the same kinds of toys appeared. Variations depended on local customs and ways of life because toys imitate their surroundings. Nearly every civilization had dolls, little weapons, toy soldiers, tiny animals and vehicles.

Because toys can be generally regarded as a kind of art form, they have not been subject to technological leaps that characterize inventions for adult use. The progress from the wheel to the oxcart to the automobile is a direct line of rise. The progress from a rattle（拨浪鼓） used by a baby in 3000 BC to one used today, however, is not characterized by inventiveness. Each rattle is the product of the artistic tastes of the times and subject to the limitations of available materials.

1．One part of “the universality of toys” lies in the fact that .

A．technological advances have greatly improved the durability of toys

B．the improvement of craftsmanship in making toys depends on the efforts of universities.

C．the exploration of the universe has led to the creation of new kinds of toys

D．the basic characteristics of toys are the same over the world

2．Which of the following is the author’s view on the historical development of toys?

A．The craftsmanship in toy making has remained essentially unchanged.

B．Toys have remained basically the same all through the centuries.

C．The toy industry has witnessed great leaps in technology in recent years.

D．Toys are playing an increasingly important role in shaping a child’s character.

3．Regarded as a kind of art form, toys .

A．follow a direct line of going upwards

B．also attract the people of adults greatly

C．are not characterized by technological progress

D．reflect the pace of social progress

4．The author used the example of a rattle to show that .

A．in toy making there is a continuity in the use of materials

B．even the simplest toys can reflect the progress of technology

C．it often takes a long time to introduce new technology into toy making

D．even a simple toy can mirror the artistic tastes of the time

DBCD

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　　In the atmosphere, carbon dioxide acts rather like a one-way mirror or the glass in the roof of a greenhouse which allows the sun's rays to enter but prevents the heat from escaping．

　　According to a weather expert' s prediction, the atmosphere will be 3℃warmer in the year 2050 than it is today, if man continues to burn fuels at the present rate．If this warming up took place, the ice caps in the poles would begin to melt, thus raising sea level several metres and severely flooding coastal cities．Also, the increase in atmospheric temperature would lead to great changes in the climate of the northern hemisphere(北半球), possibly resulting in an alteration of the earth's chief food growing zones．

　　In the past, concern about a man-made warming of the earth has concentrated on the Arctic because the Antarctic is much colder and has a much thicker ice sheet．But the weather experts are now paying more attention to West Antarctic, which may be affected by only a few degrees of warming, in other words, by a warming on the scale that will possibly take place in the next fifty years from the burning of fuels．

　　Satellite pictures show that large areas of Antarctic ice are already disappearing．The evidence available suggests that a warming has taken place．This fits the theory that carbon dioxide warms the earth．

　　However, most of the fuel is burnt in the northern hemisphere, where temperatures seem to be falling．Scientists conclude , therefore, that up to now natural influences on the weather have gone beyond those caused by man．The question is：Which natural cause has most effect on the weather?

　　One possibility is the variable behavior of the sun．Astronomers at one research station have studied the hot spots and "cold" spots(that is, the relatively less hot spots)on the sun．As the sun rotates(使旋转), every 27.5 days, it presents hotter or "colder" faces to the earth, and different aspects to different parts of the earth．This seems to have a considerable effect on the distribution of the earth's atmospheric pressure, and consequently on wind circulation．The sun is also changeable over a long term：its heat output goes up and down in cycles, the latest trend being downward．

　　Scientists are now finding shared relations between models of solar weather interactions and the actual climate over many thousands of years, including the last Ice Age．The problem is that the models are predicting that the world should be entering a new Ice Age and it is not．One way of solving this theoretical difficulty is to assume a delay of thousands of years while the solar effects overcome the inertia(惯性)of the earth's climate．If this is right, the warming effect of carbon dioxide might thus be serving as a useful opposed balance to the sun's fading heat．

(1)

It can be concluded that a concentration of carbon dioxide in the atmosphere would ________．
[　　]
A．	mean a warming-up in the Antarctic
B．	raise the temperature of the earth' s surface
C．	prevent the sun's rays from reaching the earth's surface
D．	explain the cause of great changes in the climate in the northern hemisphere

(2)

The article was written to explain ________．
[　　]
A．	the greenhouse effect
B．	the solar effects on the earth
C．	the causes affecting weather
D．	the models of solar-weather interactions

(3)

Although the fuel consumption is greater in the northern hemisphere, temperatures there seem to be falling．This is ________．
[　　]
A．	mainly because the levels of carbon dioxide are rising
B．	partly due to changes in the output of solar energy
C．	possibly because the ice caps in the poles are melting
D．	only due to the effect of the inertia of the earth' s climate

(4)

On the basis of their models, scientists believe the opinion that ________．
[　　]
A．	the climate of the world should be becoming cooler
B．	the new Ice Age will be delayed by the greenhouse effect
C．	the man-made warming effect helps to increase the solar effects
D．	it will take thousands of years for the inertia of the earth's climate to take effect

(5)

If the assumption about the delay of a new Ice age is correct, ________．
[　　]
A．	ice would soon cover the northern hemisphere
B．	the greenhouse effect could work in favor of the earth
C．	the best way to overcome the cooling effect would be to burn more fuels
D．	the increased levels of carbon dioxide in the atmosphere could warm up the earth even more quickly

E
In the atmosphere．carbon dioxide．acts rather like a one-way mirror or the glass in the roof of a greenhouse which allows the sun’s rays to enter but prevents the heat from escaping．
According to a weather expert’s prediction，the atmosphere will be 3°C warmer in the year 2050 than it is today, if man continues to burn fuels at the present rate．If this warming up took place，the ice caps in the poles would begin to melt, thus raising sea level several meters and severely flooding coastal cities．
Also，the increase in atmospheric temperature would lead to great changes in the climate of the northern hemisphere，possibly resulting in an alteration of the earth’s chief food growing zones．
In the past，concern about a man-made warming of the earth has concentrated on the Arctic because the Antarctic is much colder and has a much thicker ice sheet．But the weather experts are now paying more attention to West Antarctic，which may be affected by only a few degrees of warming，in other words，by a warming on the scale that will possibly take place in the next fifty  years from the burning of fuels．
Satellite pictures show that large areas of Antarctic ice are already disappearing．The evidence available suggests that a warming has taken place．This fits the theory that carbon dioxide warms the earth．
However, most of the fuel is burnt in the northern hemisphere，where temperatures seem to be falling．Scientists conclude，therefore，that up to now natural influences on the weather have gone beyond those caused by man．The question is：Which natural cause has most effect on the weather?
One possibility is the variable behavior of the sun．Astronomers at one research station have studied the hot spots and ‘cold’ spots (that is，the relatively less hot spots)on the sun．As the sun rotates，every 27．5 days，it presents hotter or colder faces to the earth，and different aspects to different parts of the earth．This seems to have a considerable effect on the distribution of the earth’s atmospheric pressure，and consequently on wind circulation．The sun is also changeable over a long term：its heat output goes up and down in cycles，the latest trend being downward．
Scientists are now finding shared relation between models of solar weather interaction and the actual climate over many thousands of years，including the last Ice Age．The problem is that
the models are predicting that the world should be entering a new Ice Age and it is not．One way of solving this theoretical difficulty is to assume a delay of thousands of years while the solar effects overcome the inertia(惰性)of the earth’s climate．If this is right，the warming effect of carbon dioxide might thus be serving as a useful opposed balance to the sun’s fading heat．
72．It can be concluded that a concentration of carbon dioxide in the atmosphere would ______．
A．mean a warming-up in the Arctic
B．raise the temperature of the earth’s surface
C．prevent the sun’s rays from reaching the earth’s surface
D．explain the cause of great changes in the climate in the northern hemisphere
73．Although the fuel consumption is greater in the northern hemisphere, temperatures there
seem to be falling．This is _______．
A．mainly because the levels of carbon dioxide are rising
B．partly due to changes in the output of solar energy
C．possibly because the ice caps in the poles are melting
D．only due to the effect of the inertia of the earth’s climate
74．On the basis of their models , scientists are of the opinion that ________
A．the climate of the world should be becoming cooler
B．the new Ice Age will be delayed by the greenhouse effect
C．the man．made warming effect helps to increase the solar effects
D．it will take thousands of years for the inertia of the earth’s climate to take effect
75．If the assumption about the delay of a new Ice Age is correct , _________
A．ice would soon cover the northern hemisphere
B．the greenhouse effect could work in favor of the earth
C．the best way to overcome the cooling effect would be to bum more fuels
D．the increased levels of carbon dioxide could warm up the earth even more quickly

The small coastal town of Broome, in northwest Australia, is a remote village in the vast countryside.
There are no traffic jams and hardly any roads. There is only the massive Australian wild land, where some houses are 500 miles apart and some driveways are 50 miles long.
There seem to be only two main sources of entertainment out here: the sunset at the beach and Sun Pictures.
Sun Pictures is a very different movie theater：The seats are park benches and deck chairs, but you’re also welcome to sit on the grass.
It is the world’s oldest outdoor movie garden. Sun Pictures was built in 1916 on the other side of the globe from Hollywood. All the big films were shipped here and the lonely country was amazed.
Broome resident Pearl Hamaguchi has never traveled far from home. But in the Sun Pictures chairs, under the deep blue night sky, she has been almost everywhere.
“And we came back excited about Gregory Peck,” she recalled.
This is one of the few places left in the world where you can see two sets of stars at the same time-----one set in the sky, the other in the film.
Each night, dozens of people from around the world line up at the old wooden stand, with no computer in sight, and buy their tickets to the latest films.
Sun Pictures is also a museum, exhibiting projectors(放映机) that date back to the silent films, a portrait gallery of the famous people who never knew about this place---- even though they came here all the time.
Every once in a while, I’m told, you might find a non-ticket holder in your seat. That’s why it’s always a good idea to shake out your chair to make sure there are no spiders or scorpions.
“We’ve only had a couple of scorpion incidents but no one’s been stung yet,” said Aaron Mestemaker, a tourist visiting from Michigan.
Sun Pictures is a holy hall of movie history and a reminder that air conditioning and carpet are no match for grass and fresh air---even when the lizards steal the scene.
【小题1】. The first two paragraphs want to show that__________.

A．living in Broome is inconvenient

B．the life in Broome is boring

C．few people like to live in Broome

D．Broome is simple but vast

【小题2】.Sun Pictures is different from other theaters because _________.

A．it is the most historical outdoor theater in the world

B．the audience can either sit on chairs or on the grass

C．it was built by some constructor from Hollywood

D．all the films were imported here from Hollywood

【小题3】. Gregory Peck is most probably the name of_________.

【小题4】. It can be inferred that the tourists in Broome are most attracted by ________.

A．its peacefulness	B．its beautiful sunset
C．the Sun Pictures	D．the gallery of movie stars

I had an experience some years ago, which taught me something about the ways in which people make a bad situation worse by themselves. One January, I had to hold two funerals on successive days for two elderly women in my community. Both had died “full of years”, as the Bible would say .Their homes happened to be near each other, so I paid condolence(吊唁)calls on the two families on the same afternoon.

At the first home, the son of the deceased woman said to me, ”If only I had sent my mother to Florida and gotten her out of this cold and snow, she would be alive today. It’s my fault that she died. ”At the second home, the son of the other deceased woman said, “If only I hadn’t insisted on my mother’s going to Florida, she would be alive today .That long airplane ride, the sudden change of climate ,was more than she could take．It’s my fault that she’s dead.”

You see that any time there is a death, the survivors will feel guilty. Because the course of action they took turned out bad, they believe that the opposite course------keeping mother at home, putting off the operation----would have turned out better. After all, how could it have turned out any worse?

There seem to be two elements involved in our willingness to feel guilty. The first is our pressing need to believe that the world makes sense, that there is a cause for every effect and a reason for everything that happens. That leads us to find patterns and connections both where they really exist and where they exist only in our minds.

The second element is the view that we are the cause of what happens, especially the bad things that happen. It seems to be a short step from believing that every event has a cause to believing that every disaster is our fault. The roots of this feeling may lie in our childhood.

A baby comes to think that the world exists to meet his needｓ,and that he makes everything happen in it. He wakes up in the morning and summons the rest of the world to his tasks. He cries, and someone comes to attend to him. When he is hungry, people feed him，and when he is wet, people change him. Very often, we don not completely outgrow that childish view that our wishes cause things to happen.

1.The author had to conduct the two women’s funerals probably because_______.

A．he was minister of the local church

B．he wanted to comfort the two families

C．he was an official of the community

D．he had great pity for the deceased

2.People feel guilty for the death of their loved ones because________.

A．they can’t find a better way of express their sorrow

B．they have neglected the natural course of events

C．they believe that they were the reason

D．the don’t know things often turn in the opposite direction

3.According to the main passage, the underlined part in Paragraph 4 probably means that________.

A．everything in the world is predetermined

B．there’s an explanation for everything in the world

C．the world can be interpreted in different ways

D．we have to be sensible in order to understand the world

4.What’s the main idea of the message?

A .Life and death is an unsolved mystery.

B. Never feel guilty all the time because not every disaster is our fault.

C Every story should have a happy ending.

D. In general, the survivors will feel guilty about the people who passed away.

I had an experience some years ago, which taught me something about the ways in which people make a bad situation worse by blaming themselves. One January, I had to hold two funerals on successive days for two elderly women in my community. Both had died “full of years”, as the Bible would say. Their homes happened to be near each other, so I paid condolence (吊唁) calls on the two families on the same afternoon.

At the first home, the son of the deceased (已故的) woman said to me, “If only I had sent my mother to Florida and gotten her out of this cold and snow , she would be alive today. It’s my fault that she died.” At the second home, the son of the other deceased woman said, “If only I hadn’t insisted on my mother’s going to Florida, she would be alive today. That long airplane ride, the sudden change of climate, was more than she could take. It’s my fault that she’s dead.”

You see that any time there is a death, the survivors will feel guilty. Because the course of action they took turned out badly, they believe that the opposite course — keeping Mother at home, putting off the operation — would have turned out better. After all, how could it have turned out any worse?

A baby comes to think that the world exists to meet his needs, and that he makes everything happen in it. He wakes up in the morning and summons the rest of the world to its tasks. He cries, and someone comes to attend to him. When he is hungry, people feed him, and when he is wet, people change him. Very often, we do not completely outgrow that childish view that our wishes cause things to happen.

1.The author had to hold the two women’s funerals probably because .

A．he wanted to comfort the two families	B．he was an official from the community
C．he had great pity for the deceased	D．he was priest of the local church

2.People feel guilty for the deaths of their loved ones because .

A．they couldn’t find a better way to express their sorrow

B．they believe that they were responsible

C．they had neglected the natural course of events

D．they didn’t know things often turn out in the opposite direction

3.According to the passage, the underlined part in paragraph 4 probably means that .

A．everything in the world is predetermined

B．the world can be interpreted in different ways

C．there’s an explanation for everything in the world

D．we have to be sensible in order to understand the world

4.What’s the main idea of the passage?

A．Life and death is an unsolved mystery.

B．Every story should have a happy ending.

C．Never feel guilty all the time because not every disaster is our fault.

D．In general, the survivors will feel guilty about the people who passed away .

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